Microbiology Midterm Study Guide:
Course outcome 1:
(Discussed on pp. 29-33)
I. Covalent Bonds: A chemical bond formed when two or more atoms share electrons.
II. Ionic Bond: A chemical bond that’s formed when an atom transfers an electron to
another atom.
III. Hydrogen bond: A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic
attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.
IV. What types of bonds are found in carbohydrates? Covalent bonds which are found in
the glyosidic linkages.
V. What types of bonds are found in nucleic acids? Hydrogen bonds which are found
between the bases.
VI. What type of bonds are in proteins? Covalent bonds which are found in those peptide
bonds.
VII. What types of bonds are in lipids? Covalent bonds which are found between the glycerol
and the three fatty acids of a triglyceride.
VIII. Properties of viruses?
Capsid: protein shell of a virus.
Multiple different strands of genetic material
Require a host and carry proteins which “hook” on to their host to infect.
IX. Scientist contribution to microbiology?
, Fredrick Griffith: He discovered transformation. His experiment tested mice &
pneumonia. He gave mice either rough or smooth strands of the virus and
sometimes heat fixed the sample of the virus. He found that when he put live
rough viruses and heat killed smooth, the rough transferred its genetic material
to the smooth one.
Louis Pasteur: He discovered pasteurization & disapproved spontaneous
generation. He added nutrient broth to two flasks and bent the neck of one into
swan ‘s’ shapes. He then boiled them to kill off the microbes. The swan neck
shaped flask was fine, whereas the
flask without the curve in the neck
was cloudy. This disapproved
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