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Summary Politics Paper 3 USA Fact Sheet
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Politics Paper 3 Edexcel USA Fact Sheet
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US fact sheet‘Dream ticket’ – Kennedy and Johnson 1960.
2008 Obama did not want Clinton as VP as she was too well known.
Biden chose ad VP as many congress persons owed their career to Biden and so would vote in favour.
Vocal congress and diminishing respect for President shown in Biden heckled by Republicans when accusing them of
wanting to sunset social security and Medicare.
Clinton wanted cabinet to ‘look like America’.
National events – COVID made Trump appear weak. War on Terror strengthened Bush position and Clinton boosted by a
booming economy.
Gates as Defence Secretary under Bush and Obama.
Tim Geithner was Obama’s secretary of the treasury having previously been the president of the Federal Bank of New York
– based on experience.
2014 Defence Secretary not transferring detainees out of Guantanamo Bay resigned by Nov. Susan Rice as part of EXOP
more influential. EXOP dominates cabinet.
Executive orders - FDR 3,5000, Trump 209. Not subject to checks and balances.
2009 Obama signed an executive order to close Guantanamo Bay.
2009 executive order ensuring lawful interrogations and banning torture of prisoners.
Biden 116 executive orders, 143 memorandums and 454 proclamations. Executive Order on Advancing Economic Security
for Military spouses, caregivers and survivors – 9/6/23.
Trump 2017 executive order for removal of federal subsidies underpinning Obama care.
Trump issued 143 pardons, 116 in his last month as president.
Trump approval rating of 34% lowest for any president.
Presidential memorandum – Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals 2012.
Lincoln 1863 Emancipation Proclamation.
Trump withdrew from Paris Agreement – executive agreement.
Obama made deals with Iran to stop them from pursuing their nuclear program in 2015.
Bush had huge powers to involve the USA in wars in the Middle East in 2001 and 2003.
Nixon transformed National Security Council into own foreign policy department.
2012 Rice blocked by Senate from becoming Secretary of State.
2016 Senate Republicans prevent Obama’s nominee for SC seat.
Blocked 2 Nixon nominations to SC as too conservative
2006 Nancy Pelosi agenda in direct opposition to Bush as she set in motion a timetable for the removal of troops in Iraq
due to threat of funding removal.
Trump tried to repeal Obamas ACA act but key Republicans voted against him.
Clinton – reducing budget deficit, health care reform, greater gun control (Brady Bill), civil rights (Don’t Ask. Don’t Tell),
foreign policy (forced by Congress to withdraw troops from Somalia.
Bush – tax cuts, No Child Left Behind Act, social security reform, war on terror.
Trump – tax cuts, ended climate deal, judiciary reshaped, Obamacare repeal, border wall, ditching NATO, military spending
increase.
Obama called for gun control following San Bernardino shooting in 2015. Spoke from White House – Bully pulpit.
, 11/12 Obama veto successful. Need supermajority in both houses to override veto. Bush had 4 overridden.
In his first 6 years Obama threatened 148 vetoes yet only used this power 2x.
President Obama threatened to veto the Keystone Pipeline Bill 2015 and consequently had to actually use his veto.
Obama allowed renewal of Iran Sanctions Act to become law without his signature – pocket veto.
Obama deported more than any other president to show he could be trusted with immigration policy.
2013 Obama failed to persuade Rep house to accept his proposed budget.
Trump enquiry 2023 facing trial for mishandling of classified documents. Ron DeSantis compared to corruption of Clinton.
Nixon presidency seen as culmination of growth and more abuse of power.
2003 Bush gained congressional authority to invade Iraq. While many were sceptical they voted for the war in trust of
classified info Bush held
2007 Democrats attempt to defund Iraq war.
1995 Bosnia Clinton forced to withdraw troops when congress withdrew funding.
Vietnam funding ended urging executive branch to forge agreement and withdraw troops.
Congress prevented the release of Guantanamo Bay detainees on US soil.
War Powers Act 1973 – must seek congressional authorisation to send troops into conflict unless the USA is already under
attack and will last more than 60 days.
US Committee on foreign affairs huge experience who have greater policy knowledge than presidents. Has in the past
included Biden and Kerry.
House Intelligence Committee allows congress to receive sensitive info in which they can challenge action.
Nature of military action now means greater emphasis on secrecy and quicker response – swung power to presidents. No
one aware US atomic bomb not even Nixon as VP.
Nancy Pelosi criticised for her decision to meet President Assad in Syria 2007.
Obama action in Libya 2011 when attempting to make an ethical Libyan leader, as well as strikes in Iraq and Syria show
power as Commander in Chief.
2013 Obama seek approval for air-strikes on Syria.
2022 Midterms:
Senate 51 to 49 Democrat controlled. Pennsylvania swing 51.2% to Democrats.
US House turned Republican – 222. ‘Red Wave’ did not occur.
Four states flipped control in the races for governor.
Women make up only ¼ congress.
Representation of Asian, Latino and Black women in the Senate remains the same or at 0.
Average age of a senator is 63.
149 women in 118th – 58 being WOC. 42 Rep women serving in Congress.
White older men remain dominant in congress. More difficult for ethnic minorities and LGBTQ people to achieve positions.
Dem lost support amongst women and younger voters. Yet younger voters still helped resistance to ‘Red Wave’. Rep won a
majority of white women and performed better among Latino voters. Dem lost almost 10% support of Latino men votes.
Trump endorsed 162 House candidates. 25 Senate. Only 24 were tossup. Spent $16m boosting primary candidates.
Key factors – overturning of Roe v. Wade and inflation at four decade high (Inflation Reduction Act 2022 was not sufficient).
Now in power in the House Rep likely to crack down on Biden administration. Rep want to prove business dealings of
Hunter Biden which Rep believed the Department of Justice to have overlooked.
Gridlock leads to 3% roughly of bills passing.
The average unity in the 113th congress was 92% Dem and 90% Rep.
Whole House and 1/3rd Senate elected every 2 years.
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