AQA SOCIOLOGY - EDUCATION (PAPER 1) 2024 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS VERIFIED BY EXPERTS Post-Modernist Approach - CORRECT ANSWER>> Economy has become post -fordist. Education is becomin g more diverse and flexible. Cultural Capital - CORRECT ANSWER>> The knowledge middle class parents have that allows them to navigate the education system to best benefit their children. Centre for Longitudinal studies (2007) - CORRECT ANSWER>> By the age of 3, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are already up to one year behind those with more privileged backgrounds. Gap widens with age. Bernstein (1975) - CORRECT ANSWER>> Speech codes. Restricted code used by the working class. Elaborated code used b y middle class. Restricted Code - CORRECT ANSWER>> Primarily working class. Limited vocab. Based on short, unfinished, grammatically simple sentences. Speech is predictable. May only use single word or gestures. Descriptive not analytic. Speaker assumes listener shares same experiences. Functionalist Approach - CORRECT ANSWER>> Take a consensus view. Education performs 3 main functions - socialisation into a shared culture, teaching specialist work skills, selecting people for work roles. Education is organised on meritocratic principles . New Right Approach - CORRECT ANSWER>> Take a conservative view. Education should be based on market principles. Marxist Approach - CORRECT ANSWER>> Take a class conflict view. Education's role is to serve capitalism. It's an ideal state apparatus that reproduces and legitimises inequality through correspondence principle and myth of meritocracy. Feminist Approach - CORRECT ANSWER>> Take a patriarchal view. Education still benefits the male gender more. Elaborated Code - CORRECT ANSWER>> Primarily middle class. Wide vocab, grammatically complex sentences. Varied speech communicating abstract ideas. Speaker makes no assumptions so spell out meanings explicitly . Douglas (196 4) - CORRECT ANSWER>> Working class parents place less value on education. Less ambition for children, less encouragement, rarely/not visiting schools. As a result, WC children have less motivation and lower achievement . Feinstein (2008) - CORRECT ANSWER>> Parents education affects children's achievement. Educated MC parents have a more disciplined, high expectancy parenting style, are more aware of what is needed for progress, and can use income to promote success (e.g. private tutoring). Uneducated WC pare nts have harsh, inconsistent parenting style, less understanding of what is needed for progress, and little/no disposable income to promote success. Working -Class Subculture - CORRECT ANSWER>> Members of the WC have different goals, beliefs, and attitudes that clash with education. Sugarman (1970) - CORRECT ANSWER>> There are 4 key features of WC subculture that act as barrier to educational achievement. Fatalism, Collectivism, Immediate gratification, and Present -time orientation. Fatalism - CORRECT ANSWER>> The belief in fate. "What will be, will be". Nothing you can do to change your fate so why bother approach. Collectivism - CORRECT ANSWER>> Valuing being part of a group more than individual success. May lead to being held back b y group loyalties. Immediate Gratification - CORRECT ANSWER>> Seeking immediate pleasure rather than making sacrifices and waiting for greater rewards in the future. Present -time Orientation - CORRECT ANSWER>> Seeing the present as more important than the future. Having no long -term goals. Keddie (1973) - CORRECT ANSWER>> Criticism of cultural deprivation. Cultural deprivation is a myth. It is victim -blaming, WC failure should actually be blamed on schools and their dominant MC values and prejudices. Depar tment for Education (2012) - CORRECT ANSWER>> Barely 1/3 of pupils eligible for free school meals achieve 5 or more A* -C GCSE's How Poor Housing Influences Education - CORRECT ANSWER>> Overcrowding means less room for educational activities, nowhere to work , and disturbed sleep. Temporary housing can result in moving from school to school. Cold/damp housing can result in poor health leading to more school absences. Marilyn Howard (2001) - CORRECT ANSWER>> Young people from poorer homes have lower energy, vit amin, and mineral intake. This leads to more absences from school and difficulties concentrating in school.
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