Complete summary of the course Pathology (AB_1202) from the 2nd year of biomedical sciences, VU Amsterdam. This summary contains all the information needed for partial exam 1 and 2, and includes all the material from the lectures and the book that was required for this course. This summary was made...
Test Bank for Robbins Basic Pathology 10th Edition by Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abba & Jon C. Aster, ISBN No; 9780323353175, Chapter 1-24 Complete Guide A+ (UPDATED 2024)
Test Bank for Robbins Basic Pathology 10th Edition by Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abba & Jon C. Aster, ISBN No; 9780323353175 Chapter 1-24 Complete Guide A+ (NEWEST 2024)
Test Bank for Robbins Basic Pathology 10th Edition by Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abba & Jon C. Aster 9780323353175 Chapter 1-24 | Complete Guide A+
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Pathology summary
(exam 1+2)
1
, Introduction to Pathology 3
Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Adaptations 4
In ammation and Repair 9
Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolism, and Shock 14
Diseases of the Immune System 19
The Immune System, Organ Transplantations, and Cancer 25
Neoplasia 29
The Gastrointestinal Tract — Upper GI 33
The Gastrointestinal Tract — Lower GI 35
The Lung 37
The Hematopoietic System 43
The Lymphoid System 46
The Heart 49
The Female Genital System 54
The Nervous System — Neuropathology 59
The Nervous System — Neurodegenerative Diseases 63
2
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, Introduction to Pathology
PATHOLOGY — THE DEFINITION
- Pathology: the study of the causes and e ects of disease or injury
- The word ‘pathology’ also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range
of biology research elds and medical practices
- However: when used in the context of modern medical treatment, the term is often
referred to the diagnosis of diseases, mostly through analysis of organs, tissues, cells, and
body uids
- Clinical pathology focuses on disease, whereas forensic pathology focuses on injury
DISEASE — THE DEFINITION
- Any abnormality that causes loss of health (‘ill health’)
- Characterized by a speci c set of features (signs, symptoms, functional and morphological
manifestations/alterations) that are not normal
- ‘Normal’: most frequent state in a population de ned by age distribution, gender, etc.
- Everything that is not normal (aka pathologic) is a disease
PATHOLOGY IS PART OF A DISEASE’S SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION
- Pathology has to do with:
- Epidemiology: distribution (prevalence) and determinants in general population
- Etiology (or ‘causa’): cause, why a disease arises
- Pathogenesis: disease mechanisms, how a disease develops
- Clinical signs and symptoms
- Morphologic (tissue, cellular, genetic) manifestations
- Complications and sequelae (=chronic complication of acute condition)
- Prognosis
- Mortality
- De ning the etiology and pathogenesis of disease is essential for understanding disease, and
developing rational treatments and e ective preventive measures
PATHOLOGY USES A GENERAL TERMINOLOGY
- Pre xes
- Hyper-: more/bigger/higher than normal
- Meta-: similar to
- Hypo-: less/smaller/lower than normal
- Su xes
- -itis: in ammation
- -oma: tumor
- -oid: resemblance to tumor
- Eponyms: when a disease is given the name of the person that described it
- E.g. Hodgkin’s disease
THE DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
- From the operation room to the diagnosis: pathology is no black box
- In total ~40,000 diagnoses per year
- Histology (~25,000): diagnosis made on tissue
- Biopsies, resections, frozen sections
- Cytology (~15,000): diagnosis made on cells (mostly body uid)
- Fine needle aspirations (lymph node), brushes (biliary tract), uids (ascites, pleural
uid), smears (uterine cervix), urine, cerebrospinal uid
- Additional: obtain as much information as possible from cells and tissues via molecular
diagnostics
- Pathology provides diagnosis, and suggestion on prognosis and treatment
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, - Autoptic pathology: making diagnosis on whole body of the patient
- Not only cause of death, but also guring out disease mechanism
- E.g. provide researchers with tissue of rare disorders for better understanding, study and
practice
- E.g. look at the e ects of an experimental treatment
- Steps of pathology:
1. Registration of the material that arrives in the department
2. Specimen grossing in the cutting room
3. Documenting cut pieces
4. Specimen selection and embedding in cassettes (3-5 mm thick tissue sections)
5. Tissue processing: xation (formalin) -> dehydration -> embedding -> para n blocks
- Para n hardens the tissue, so that it can be cut into smaller sections, stained,
and studied under the microscope
6. Tissue cutting using the microtome: para n block -> cutting (3-4 μm sections) ->
slides -> H&E stain
7. Evaluation by residents and pathology specialists
PATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS: SOURCE OF RELEVANT INFORMATION
- Diagnosis
- Benign vs malignant?
- Type of tumor?
- Prognosis
- TNM classi cation?
- Radicality?
- Prediction
- Response to treatment?
Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Adaptations
WHAT IS DISEASE?
- Dysfunction of an organ or tissue, because of damage to the cells
- The damage can be of many causes: chemical, thermal, radiation, DNA damage, micro-
bacterial, etc.
- The damaging agent is the etiology, the in uence on and the changes in cellular
processes re ect the pathogenesis
- E.g. radiation (=etiology), causing mutation in DNA and thereby incorrect AA, which
may produce a malfunctioning protein (=pathogenesis, often a sequence)
- Etiology of cholera bacteria vs pathogenesis of diarrhea of cholera
- E.g. HeLa cells: derived from a cervical cancer
- E.g. Nicolo Paganini with Marfan’s syndrome: genetic disorder that a ects connective tissue
CELLS
- Everything that goes wrong with people can be tracked back to something that goes wrong
within their cell(s)
- Illustrated by Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow in ‘Cellular pathology’
- There are di erent cells with di erent functions: if one of these cells dysfunctions, it leads
to disease
- Lots of cells work together, forming communities
- (Almost) all organisms are multicellular, but some are multicellular by choice: this is dictated by
the circumstances
- E.g. social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum: survives periods of food shortage by
organizing itself in a multicellular aggregate
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