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Applied Science Unit 10B- DISTINCTION
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A distinction assignment from BTEC Applied Science Unit 10- Effect of activity on respiration in humans. Includes factors that effect respiration in detail.
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ASS-BTEC-SCI-3-USAYD ALI-L61325-JAN-23
Structure and function of ATP:
ATP stands for adenine triose phosphate, and it is a molecule that is a
storage of energy. This molecule can be released whenever our cells
require it. This can be for processes such as muscle contraction or
enzyme reactions. ATP is made up of a nitrogenous base called
Adenine, a ribose sugar and three phosphate groups. To release energy the
bonds between the phosphate groups can easily be broken by an enzyme. ATP
can be easily transported in a cell as it is soluble in water. A difference between
ATP and ADP is that ADP has only two phosphate groups whereas ATP has three
phosphate groups. ATP has high energetic potential due to the phosphate groups being surrounded by
free electrons. ATP is hydrolysed to become ADP. From there it can be further broken down to become
AMP. This process releases energy.
Respiration is a catabolic process where energy is
obtained in the form of ATP. catabolic reactions are
reactions where a molecule is broken down. All cells in the human body undergo respiration as well as
animal cells. The word equation for respiration is Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water (+ energy).
ATP stands for adenine triphosphate. The body relies on ATP as it stores energy which keeps cells alive.
Without energy the body would not be able to carry out contractions of muscles or function properly.
Respiration works by extracting the glucose consumed from food and ends up being stored in the
phosphate terminal bond of ATP. Glucose is a sugar made up of 6 carbon molecules, 12 hydrogen
molecules and 6 oxygen molecules. Oxygen is used to break down food molecules as carbohydrates are
oxidised. This is known as aerobic respiration.
Stages of respiration
There are 4 stages of respiration:
- Glycolysis
- Link reactions
- The Krebs cycle
- Electron transport
Glycolysis:
Glycolysis is the first stage of respiration which occurs in the cytoplasm of
cells. Glycolysis is important as a catalysed reaction occurs where enzymes
convert a glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate molecules. In glycolysis 2
molecules of NAD are reduced. NADH is useful in making ATP as it is a
coenzyme which can transfer electrons. When there is oxygen present,
glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate and when there is no
oxygen present glucose is converted into 2 lactate molecules. As a result,
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