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Microbiology FINAL EXAM Review – Qs & As
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Microbiology FINAL EXAM Review – Qs & As1. What are microorganisms? ✔️Ans - microscopic organisms, or microbes
includes bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae and helminths
1. How are the names of microorganisms written? ✔️Ans - Capital Genus,
lower case species name
(binomial system of nomenclature)
*italicized if typed or underlined if written
1. In what ways do humans use microorganisms? ✔️Ans - *genetic
engineering, GMOs, recombinant DNA technology, food industry, products in
industrial settings, bioremediation, fuel sources
1. What is bioremediation? ✔️Ans - introduction of microbes into the
environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants, break down
chemicals that would be harmful to other organisms
1. What is the role of microbes in decomposition? ✔️Ans - Bacteria and
fungi breakdown dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be
recycled back into natural cycles of living things. (Main forces that drive the
structure and content of the soil, water and atmosphere of earth.)
1. What is a pathogen? ✔️Ans - any agent (usually a virus, bacteria, fungus,
protozoan or helminth) that causes disease
1. Compare and contrast prokaryotes with eukaryotes. ✔️Ans -
Prokaryotes- no nucleus, bacteria, simple, ancient
Eukaryotes- have a nucleus, fungi, protozoan, algae, plant,
complex
1. What was the contribution of Lister? ✔️Ans - British surgeon and a
pioneer of antiseptic surgery, promoted the idea of sterile portable ports
while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Lister successfully introduced
carbolic acid (now known as phenol) to sterilize surgical instruments and to
clean wounds, which led to a reduction in post-operative infections and made
surgery safer for patients, distinguishing himself as the "father of modern
surgery"
,1. What was the contribution of Semmelweis? ✔️Ans - Ignaz Semmelweis
was a Hungarian physician whose work demonstrated that hand-washing
could drastically reduce the number of women dying after childbirth
1. What was the contribution of Pasteur? ✔️Ans - *Pasteur was responsible
for disproving the doctrine of spontaneous generation.
*created the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax.
*renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial
fermentation and pasteurization
1. What was the contribution of Leeuwenhoek? ✔️Ans - Constructed lenses
to make microscope and examined scrapings from teeth, rainwater from a pot,
and threads in fabrics. "Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology"
1. What was the contribution of Koch? What are Koch's Postulates? ✔️Ans -
* first to link a microscopic organism with a specific disease
Koch's Postulates
(1) find evidence of a microbe in every case of disease.
(2) isolate that microbe, cultivate--> pure, study
(3) Inoculate a healthy subject with isolate, observe
disease
(4) Reisolate the same agent from subject
CHAPTER 3- CULTURING AND MICROSCOPY ✔️Ans -
**********************************************
3. What is a pure culture? ✔️Ans - substance that is composed of a single
species
3. What is a selective media? ✔️Ans - a selective media contains one or
more agents that inhibit the growth of a microbe or microbes (A, B, C) but not
others (D) and thereby "select" microbe D and allow it to grow
Ex: Mannitol Salt Agar
3. Compare the uses of transmission and scanning
microscopes. ✔️Ans - Transmission Electron Microscope- produces image
by transmitting electrons through the specimen, extremely thin slices, stained
or coated with metals, view detailed structure of cells
, Scanning electron Microscope- extremely detailed 3D view, bombards surface
of a whole metal coated specimen with electrons while scanning back and
forth over it, image is black and white
3. Describe the Gram stain and how it is used in bacterial
identification. ✔️Ans - Universal diagnostic staining technique, differential
stain
gram positive= stain purple
gram negative= stain pink
Basis for bacterial taxonomy, cell wall structure, ID and diagnosis of infection
3. Tell the microbe that has a positive Acid-fast stain ✔️Ans - Differential
stain
acid fast bacteria = pink
non-acid fast bacteria= blue
* detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycolic acid in waxy outer coating hold
the dye (carbol fuchsin) even when washed with acid alcohol
CHAPTER 4 PROKARYOTIC MICROBES (BACTERIA) ✔️Ans -
**********************************************
4. What is the function of the bacterial cell wall? ✔️Ans - Cell wall-
semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the cell, keeps
bacteirum from bursting or collapsng because of osmotic pressure changes
* Gram + thick layer of peptidoglycan
* Gram - Lipopolysaccharide layer, thin peptidoglycan
4. What is the function of the bacterial capsule? ✔️Ans - Capsule= a coating
of molecules external to the cell wall, protection, adhesion and receptor
functions, glycocalyx
*slime layer when it is loose
* capsule when it is bound tightly to the cell
* protect against white blood cells phagocytes, capsular coating blocks the
mechanisms that phagocytes use to attach to and engulf bacteria
4. What is the function of the bacterial cell membrane? ✔️Ans - cell
membrane= thin sheet of lipid and protein regulates what enters and leaves
the cell
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