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class 7 social science all chapters of geography, civics, and history. short rivison notes for exam.
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Our Pasts – IIChapter - 1 : Tracing Changes
Through a Thousand Years
Flowchart
Sources Used by Historians for Study of the Medieval Period
Coins Inscriptions Architecture Textual Records
Quick Review
The period from second half of the 8th century up to first half of the 18th century is known as the “medieval
period” of Indian history.
The term “Hindustan” was first used by a Persian chronicler, Minhaj-i-Siraj, in 13th century.
Basic sources used by historians for learning medieval period are coins, inscriptions, architecture and textual
records.
Manuscripts and textual records increased during this period as paper gradually became cheaper and more
widely available.
Prominent groups of people emerged during this period were Rajputs, Ahoms, Marathas, Sikhs, Jats and
Kayasthas.
People were grouped into jatis or subcastes on the basis of their background and occupations.
Major development of this period was the emergence of the idea of bhakti.
The teachings of the holy Quran was also brought to India in seventh century.
Followers of Islam were divided in two sub-sects—Shias and Sunnis.
At different moments in this period new technologies made their appearance, like Persian wheel in irrigation, the
spinning wheel in weaving and firearms in combat. New foods and beverages also arrived in the subcontinent
in this period.
In the middle of the nineteenth century British historian divided the history of India into three periods—“Hindu”,
“Muslim” and “British”. This division was based on the idea that the religion of rulers was the only important
historical change, and that there were no other significant developments in economy, society or culture.
Prosperity during this period brought European trading companies to India.
Know the Terms
Manuscripts : A hand written book.
Jati : A jati is group of people who have their identity on the basis of their background and
occupation.
Region : A portion of a land.
Periodisation : The process of dividing the past into large segments. They are known as periods and each
period possess shared characteristics.
Know the Dates
1154 AD : Al-idrisi made a map of Indian subcontinent.
1266-1287 : Reign of Ghiyasuddin Balban.
1356 : Ziyauddin Barani wrote his first Chronicle, another version two years later.
,2] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII
Chapter - 2 : New Kings and Kingdoms
Flowchart
Yadavas
Chalukyas
Kakatiyas
Neighbours of the Chola Kingdom
Kadambas
Kalinga
Gangavadi
Banavasi
Nolambavadi
Vengi
South Kalinga
Quick Review
During the period 700-1200 CE, many new dynasties emerged in different parts of the sub-continent.
The main ruling dynasties were Gurjara-Pratiharas, Palas, Rashtrakutas and Chahamans in the North India and
the Chola, Pandyas and Chalukyas in the South India.
Administration of these kingdoms were carried by the rulers themselves but their powers were shared by their
Samantas.
Samantas gradually gained power and wealth and thereafter declared themselves to be maha-samanta, maha-
mandaleshvara.
The kingdoms Gurjaras-Pratihara, Pala and Rashtrakuta dynasties were in constant struggle to acquire control
over Kanauj, termed as ‘Tripartite Struggle’.
Temples were the first target when one ruler attacked over the other.
Four main ruling houses of the Rajputs that emerged at this time were – the Pratiharas, the Chalukyas, the
Chahamanas and the Solankis.
Mahmud of Ghazni was the earliest Turkish invader in India. He invaded India seventeen times between AD
1000—AD 1025. His sole purpose was to plunder the wealth of India.
During this period, Southern part of India also saw the emergence of Chola dynasty.
Chola kingdom was administered through assemblies—Ur, Nadu, Sabha and Samiti.
These assemblies played an important role in village administration.
Know the Terms
Samanta : Big landlords or warrior chiefs who were subordinate of king
Temple : A place of worship for Hindus. At that time the temples were hub of economical, social and
cultural activities.
Nadu : A group of villages
Sabha : A assembly of prominent Brahmana landholders
Know the Dates
7th century : Emergence of new dynasties
Mid 8th century : Rise of Rashtrakutas
1985 : Rajaraja I Chola became ruler
, Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII [3
1168-1192 : Rule of Prithviraja III around Delhi
1191 : Prithviraja III defeated Muhammad Ghori
1192 : Prithviraja was defeated by Muhammad Ghori and died
Chapter - 3 : The Delhi Sultans
Flowchart
Rulers of Delhi
Rajput Dynasties Early Turkish Khalji Dynasty Tughluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodi Dynasty
Rulers
Quick Review
Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomara Rajputs.
Under the Tomaras and Chauhans, Delhi became an important commercial centre.
Slave, Khalji, Tughluq, Sayyid and Lodi were the major Sultanate dynasties.
Inscriptions, coins and architecture are the main sources of information for this period.
In 1236, Raziyya, the daughter of Sultan Iltutmish, became the Sultan of Delhi. She was removed from throne in
1240.
Delhi saw expansion during the reigns of Ghiyasuddin Balban, Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad-bin-Tughluq.
Delhi Sultanate expanded in three phases — consolidation of garrison, expansion under Khalji’s and growth under
Tughluq’s.
The expansion was initiated with the internal frontier.
External frontier was the next phase of expansion which started with Alauddin Khalji in southern India and
culminated with Muhammad Tughluq.
Alauddin Khalji, the most important ruler of Khalji dynasty, introduced the system of market control and
administrative measures in order to maintain a large standing army.
Muhammad-bin-Tughluq introduced three projects – Shifting of capital from Delhi to Daulatabad, introduction
of token currency, raising the land tax in the Doab region to fifty percent—all of which failed and weakened his
position.
After Tughluqs the Sayyid and Lodi dynasties ruled from Delhi and Agra upto 1526. By that time Jaunpur, Bengal,
Malwa, Gujarat, Rajasthan and entire South India had independent rulers who established flourishing states and
prosperous capitals.
Sher Shah Suri challenged and defeated Mughal emperor Humayun. He captured Delhi and established his
own dynasty. Although, he ruled for only fourteen years (1540-1555) but his administration became the model
followed by the great Mughal emperor Akbar (1556-1605), when he consolidated the Mughal Empire.
Know the Terms
Manuscripts : A book, document, or piece of music written by hand rather than typed or printed
Iqta : Territories governed by military commanders in sultanate period
Tarikh : Sultanate history written in Persian
Garrisen : Soldiers
Gender : One of the ways of showing difference between men and women
Kharaj : The tax on cultivation, which was about 50 percent of the peasants’ produce
Bandagans : The slaves purchased for military service are called bandagan in Persian
Sijdah : A form of salutation in which the person concerned had to kneel down and touch the ground with his
forehead
Ulemas : Scholars of Islamic learning who were generally orthodox in their outlook and thinking
Paibos : It was a Persian custom of kissing the feet of the Sultan
Jagir : A piece of land given to the officials of the Kingdom
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