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SPCE 630 Final Exam prep/136 Questions With Accurate Solutions
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SPCE 630 Final Exam prep/136 QuestionsWith Accurate Solutions
visual analysis of graphed data - -is the cornerstone of and most frequently
used data analysis method in SCD research, particularly for determining
whether a study demonstrates experimental control.
involves systematic procedures used to evaluate specific characteristics of
data patterns and evaluate the presence of a functional relation.
-advantages of visual analysis - --can be used to evaluate data of
individuals or small groups depending on the unit of analysis specified in the
research question.
-data are collected repeatedly, graphed as they are collected, and analyzed
frequently
-focuses on analysis of individual data patterns
-discovery of potentially interesting findings that may not be directly related
to the original research question or program objective.
-graphic presentation of data permits independent analysis and
interpretation of results
-formative visual analysis - -conducted within and across conditions to
identify behavior change during the course of a study.
-behavior change - -occurs when data patterns in one condition are
different from data patterns in the subsequent, adjacent condition for the
same variable(s).
-summative visual analysis - -conducted following study completion, across
multiple opportunities to demonstrate behavior change to determine
whether a functional relation exists between the independent variable and
the dependent variable.
-adjacent conditions - -in SCD research, data patterns are examined within
and across adjacent conditions; when data in one condition differ from what
is predicted based on the preceding condition, behavior change is
demonstrated.
-formative analysis is conducted in two steps - -1. within and across
adjacent condition analyses
2. systematic examination of specific data characteristics
-within condition visual analyses - -are conducted to discern patterns within
a single condition during a study. within condition visual analyses of level,
trend, and variability/stability are critical for determining when to change
,conditions, deciding whether adaptations need to be made, and providing
information related to answering research questions.
beginning with the initial condition, typically baseline, you should look for
stability of data across a minimum of at least three to five sessions prior to
changing conditions.
-condition change criteria - -should be made a priori based on hypothesized
data patterns. these criteria will guide both formative and summative
decisions about experimental control.
-level - -refers to the amount of behavior that occurs, as indicated by the
ordinate scale value. the characteristic of highest interest for behavior
change, and is generally described as low, moderate, or high.
-trend - -the slope and direction of a data series or the direction data are
moving over time. three characteristics can be described: trend directions,
trend magnitude, and trend stability.
-trend direction - -referred to as accelerating, decelerating, or zero
celebrating. trend can further be characterized by magnitude, and is often
described as steep or gradual and paired with direction. also describe
whether the direction of a trend is improving (therapeutic) or deteriorating
(contra-therapeutic).
-contra therapeutic trend - -represents a common data pattern in SCD data
that might occur within a condition and particularly prior to the introduction
of the independent variable. this refers to trends that are in the opposite
direction of the hypothesized direction of improvement and can establish
need for the intervention.
-variability - -fluctuation from one data point to the next and is the opposite
of stability; in data with no trend, this can be summarized as the range of
data values within a condition or as the percentage of data points falling
within a given stability envelope
-stability - -is predictability and consistency of data values within a
condition. perceptions of this can be influenced by scales and ranges of y
axes.
-between condition visual analysis - -the objective of this is to identify if
behavior change has occurred. in SCD research a particular condition (B) is
introduced and re-introduced to one (eg. A-B-A-B) or more than one (multiple
baseline design) data series to evaluate whether there is a functional relation
between independent and dependent variables.
, -functional relations - -are unequivocal demonstrations that an independent
variable produced reliable and consistent change in a dependent variable.
the purpose of SCD research is to determine if behavior change occurs when
the intervention is introduced, and whether the behavior change can vive
reliably replicated.
-analysis of data across adjacent conditions entails determining: - -a)
changes in data patterns (level, trend, variability) b) immediacy of change c)
amount of overlapping data across adjacent conditions d) consistency of
data patterns across similar conditions
-immediacy of change - -across adjacent conditions is the degree to which
behavior change occurs as soon as the intervention is introduced. when a
large change in level occurs immediately after introduction of a new
condition, it is referred to as an abrupt change in level, which is indicative of
an immediately powerful or immediately effective intervention.
-overlap - -refers to values of data in one condition that are in the same
range of values of data in the subsequent, adjacent condition.
-consistency - -refers to the extent to which data patterns in one condition
are similar to data patterns in other conditions. confident determination that
a functional relation exists requires consistency in data patterns between
iterations of the same condition and inconsistency in data patterns between
different, adjacent conditions.
-potential demonstrations of effect - -a functional relation can be identified
when a) there is a sufficient number of this (three opportunities to
demonstrate behavior change contingent on condition change) and b) visual
analysis suggests that consistent changes in data occur for all potential
demonstrations
-the presence of a functional relation can be confirmed when - -a) there is a
successful attempt to replicate effects of a condition b) similar conditions
generate similar levels and trends within (intra participant replication) and
across (inter participant replication) participants in a study. a minimum of
three demonstrations of behavior change is required to establish
experimental control
-magnitude - -if a functional relation is present, this, or amount of behavior
change may be of interest. magnitude of effect is assessed by comparing the
amount and consistency of change across conditions and cases within a
study that is directly attributed to the intervention.
-systematic process for conducting visual analysis - -1. adequate number of
data points within conditions to establish data patterns.
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