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Summary Revision cards- Attachment, AQA psychology A level
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AQA, Psychology reformed A level, Attachment unit revision cards, authored by an A* student
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CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTION• RECIPROCITY AND INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY:
• ‘alert phases’- babies and carers spend a lot of time in intense and pleasurable interaction- alert phases are perio
when the baby signals that they are ready for interaction- mothers respond around 1/3 of the time
• Interactional synchrony= mirroring- same action simultaneously- ‘the coordination of micro-level behavior- when
child act in a way where their behavior and emotions mirror each other
• MELTZOFF AND MOORE- observed IS in infants as young as 2 weeks- an adult displayed one of three facial exp
gestures and the child’s response was filmed and an association was found between the action/expression and the
response
• Important for development of attachment- high synchrony= higher quality attachment- provides a foundation for
that can built upon- ISABELLA- observed 20 mothers and infants together and assessed the degree of IS and atta
quality- found high attachment had high synchrony
• Reciprocity- one person responds to the other- from around 3 months this is frequent- responding to each othe
a response- involves close attention
• BRAZLETON- described this interaction as a ‘dance’ because it is like a couple’s dance where each responds to t
moves
• The baby takes on an active role too- both can initiate interactions and appear to take turns doing so
, CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTION-
EVALUATION
• Hard to know what is happening when observing infants- it shows patterns but they are only hand movements o
hard to know what is taking place from the child’s perspective- conscious and deliberate?- don’t know if behaviou
special meaning
• Uses well controlled procedures- often filmed from multiple angles, fine details can be recorded and looked over
people- inter-rater reliability- babies don’t know they are being observed, no demand characteristics from them-
• Observations don’t tell us the purpose of synchrony and reciprocity- synchrony and reciprocity simply describe b
happen at the same time- robust phenomena but this isn’t useful in determining their purpose, but there is eviden
helpful in attachment, stress responses, empathy, language and morality
• Social sensitivity- suggests children will be disadvantaged with particular rearing strategies- for example if the mo
to work quickly after birth- not as much time to do this
• Potential value to society- identification of IS as an important foundation in the formation of high-quality attachm
have practical applications that benefit society- a 10 min parent-child interaction therapy- improved IS in 20 low inc
with pre-school infants compared to a control- could help create methods for improving and developing attachm
, ROLE OF THE FATHER
• Primary attachment usually with the mother- SCHAFFER AND EMERSON- majority of babies became attached t
(in first 7 months)- father only 3% first and only- 27% father and mother- only took a couple weeks or months fo
attachments to be formed
• 75% eventually formed a secondary attachment to father by 18 months- protested when father walked away
• Attachment with mother most related to teen attachments- GROSSMAN- longitudinal study on parents and chil
quality of attachment to father was less important in the attachment of the teenagers than that of the mother- so
be less important in long-term emotional development
• Father’s play is more important- the quality of play related to the children’s attachment- suggests fathers have a d
attachment- more to do with play and stimulation over nurturing
• Fathers can be primary care-givers – when this happen they adopt behaviours more typical of the mother- FIELD
month old babies and found primary care-giving fathers spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants tha
caregiver fathers
• Level of response is important- above behaviours are most important in building attachments- key thing is the lev
responsiveness, not gender
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