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Biology For Science Majors 1 Final Exam Review
- Institution
- University Of Houston - Main Campus
FINAL EXAM REVIEW FOR BIOLOGY FOR SCIENCE MAJORS 1 COURSE.
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D i g e s t i o n :B r e a k i n g
d o w n
f o o d
i n t o
s m a l l
m o l e c u l e s
E n z y m e s
c a t a l y z e
h y d r o l y s i s
o f
c h e m i c a l
b o n d s
( c h e m i c a l
d i g e s t i o n )
M e c h a n i c a l
d i g e s t i o n
:
b r e a k i n g
l a r g e
f o o d
i n t o
s m a l l e r
p i e c e s
I n t r a c e l l u l a r
d i g e s t i o n :
A m o e b a
i n g e s t i n g
a
p a r a m e c i u m
( “ i n t r a ”
m e a n s
“ i n s i d e ” )
P h a g o c y t o s i s :
c e l l
e n g u l f s
f o o d
p a r t i c l e
o r
a n o t h e r
c e l l
( e a t
c e l l )
F o o d
d i g e s t e d
i n
a
v e s i c l e
i n s i d e
t h e
c e l l
V e s c i e l :
s p a c e
s u r r o u n d e d
b y
m e m b r a n e
E x t r a c e l l u l a r
d i g e s t i o n :
“ E x t r a ”
m e a n s
“ o u t s i d e ”
H y d r a
f e e d i n g
F o o d
d i g e s t e d
i n
a
c o m p a r t m e n t
c o n t i n u o u s
w i t h
o u t s i d e
o f
b o d y
W e
a s
h u m a n s
g o
t h r o u g h
e x t r a c e l l u l a r
d i g e s t i o n
N u t r i e n t s
a b s o r b e d
f r o m
c o m p a r t m e n t
a c r o s s
c e l l
m e m b r a n e s
a n d
i n t o
b o d y
fl u i d s
G a s t r o v a s c u l a r
c a v i t y
D i g e s t i v e
c o m p a r t m e n t
w i t h
o n l y
o n e
o p e n i n g
f o r
i n g e s t i o n
a n d
e l i m i n a t i o n
o f
w a s t e
A l i m e n t a r y
c a n a l :
a l s o
k n o w n
a s
“ g u t ”
E v e r y t h i n g
f r o m
t h e
m o u t h
t o
t h e
a n u s
1 - w a y
t u b e
C o n t a i n s
s p e c i a l i z e d
c o m p a r t m e n t s
f o r
d i g e s t i o n
a n d
a b s o r p t i o n
C o m p a r t m e n t s
p r o t e c t
a n i m a l
f r o m
s e l f - d i g e s t i o n
S p e c i a l i z e d
c o m p a r t m e n t s
f o r
d i g e s t i o n
M o u t h
>
E s o p h a g u s
>
S t o m a c h
>
S m a l l
I n t e s t i n e
C h y m e :
d i g e s t e d
f o o d
( p a s s e s
t h r o u g h
s t o m a c h
>
s m a l l
i n t e s t i n e
>
l a r g e
i n t e s t i n e
>
r e c t u m
>
a n u s
P R A C T I C E
Q U E S T I O N :
S p i n a c h
c o n t a i n s
w h i c h
o r g a n i c
m o l e c u l e s ?
C a r b s ,
n u c l e i c
a c i d s ,
p r o t e i n s .
M o u t h ,
p h a r y n x ,
e s o p h a g u s
M e c h a n i c a l
a n d
c h e m i c a l
d i g e s t i o n
S e c r e t i o n s
A m y l a s e
-
d i g e s t s
s t a r c h
i n
m o u t h
M u c u s
-
l u b r i c a t i o n
o f
m o u t h ,
p h a r y n x ,
a n d
e s o p h a g u s
P e r i s t a l s i s
W a v e s
o f
m u s c l e
c o n t r a c t i o n s
t h a t
s p e c i a l i z e
i n
m o v i n g
f o o d
t h r o u g h
t h e
a l i m e n t a r y
c a n a l S t o m a c h :
M e c h a n i c a l
a n d
c h e m i c a l
d i g e s t i o n
S e c r e t i o n s
H C L :
d e n a t u r e s
p r o t e i n s
( d e n a t u r e d
m e a n i n g
s h a p e
h a s
b e e n
d i s r u p t e d
a n d
fl a t t e n e d
o u t )
I m p o r t a n t
f o r
p r o t e c t i n g
f r o m
p a t h o g e n s
P e p s i n :
e n z y m e
t h a t
b r e a k s
d o w n
p r o t e i n s
( d i e r e n t
f r o m
a m y l a s e ,
w h i c h
w o r k s
o n
o n e
m o l e c u l e s ,
w h i l e
p e p s i n
w o r k s
o n
m u l t i p l e )
M u c u s :
p r o t e c t s
a n d
l u b r i c a t e s
E p i t h e l i u m
S h e e t
o f
c e l l s
l i n i n g
b o d y
c a v i t i e s
a n d
o r g a n s
E x a m p l e :
h u m a n
s k i n
A l l
e p i t h e l i a l
p r o d u c e
s e c r e t i o n s
P r o v i d e
a
b a r r i e r
a g a i n s t
i n j u r y
a n d
p a t h o g e n s
M e d i a t e s
e x c h a n g e
w i t h
e x t e r n a l
e n v i r o n m e n t
N u t r i e n t
a b s o r p t i o n
h a p p e n s
a c r o s s
e p i t h e l i a l
i n t e s t i n e .
H y d r o l y z e
:
s p l i t t i n g
o f
a
c o v a l e n t
b o n d
b y
a d d i n g
H 2 O
S t o m a c h
e p i t h e l i u m
s e c r e t i o n s
P e p s i n o g e n :
a
p r o e n z y m e
( n o t
a n
a c t i v e
e n z y m e
y e t ) ,
i s
s e c r e t e d
i n t o
t h e
s t o m a c h
l u m e n
L u m e n :
a
h o l l o w
s p a c e
s u r r o u n d e d
b y
a
w a l l
H C l
i n
l u m e n
h y d r o l y z e s
p e p s i n o g e n
t o
p e p s i n
( a c t i v e
e n z y m e )
P e p s i n
i s
a
p r o t e a s e :
h y d r o l y z e s
p r o t e i n s
i n
f o o d
C a n
a l s o
h y d r o l y z e
p e p s i n o g e n
t o
p r o d u c e
m o r e
p e p s i n
( m o r e
a c t i v e
e n z y m e s )
W h a t
s t o p s
p o s i t i v e
f e e d b a c k ?
N e r v o u s
s y s t e m
( s m e l l i n g ,
s e e i n g
t a s t y
f o o d )
N e r v o u s
s y s t e m
a c t i v a t e s
f r o m
s m e l l
o r
s i g h t
o f
f o o d ,
H C l
s t o p s
p r o d u c i n g
o n c e
n e r v o u s
s y s t e m
i s
s i g n a l e d
t h a t
g o o d
i s
g o n e . )
P R A C T I C E
Q U E S T I O N :
I f
t h e
p r o t e a s e
p e p s i n
w e r e
s e c r e t e d
a s
a n
a c t i v e
e n z y m e ,
w h a t
m i g h t
h a p p e n ?
A .
H y d r o c h l o r i c
a c i d
m i g h t
a t t a c k
e p i t h e l i a l
c e l l s
B .
E n z y m e s
m i g h t
d i g e s t
e p i t h e l i a l
c e l l
p r o t e i n s .
C .
M u c u s
w o u l d
p r o b a b l y
p r e v e n t
s t o m a c h
a c i d
a n d
e n z y m e s
f r o m
d i g e s t i n g
t h e
s t o m a c h
w a l l .
D u o d e n u m
●
U p p e r
p a r t
o f
t h e
s m a l l
i n t e s t i n e
●
F u n c t i o n :
d i g e s t s
p e p t i d e s ,
l i p i d s ,
c a r b o h y d r a t e s ,
n u c l e i c
a c i d s
●
S e c r e t i o n
e n t e r
t h e
d u o d e n u m
●
E n z y m e s
f r o m
i n t e s t i n a l
e p i t h e l i u m
●
H C O 3
f r o m
p a n c r e a s
n e u t r a l i z e s
s t o m a c h
a c i d
●
E n z y m e s
f r o m
p a n c r e a s :
p r o t e a s e s ,
l i p a s e s ,
c a r b o h y d r a t e s ●
B i l e
f r o m
l i v e r :
e m u l s i fi e s
f a t s
E m u l s i fi c a t i o n
●
B r e a k i n g
f a t
o r
l i p i d
i n t o
s m a l l
d r o p l e t s
t h a t
s t a y
i n
s u s p e n s i o n
i n
w a t e r
●
A l l o w s
w a t e r - s o l u b l e
e n z y m e s
t o
i n t e r a c t
w i t h
l i p i d s
a n d
d i g e s t
t h e m .
●
H o w
d o e s
i t
w o r k :
m u l t i p l e
d r o p l e t s
h a v e
a
h i g h e r
s u r f a c e
a r e a
t o
v o l u m e
r a t i o n
t h a n
1
l a r g e
b u b b l e ( ? )
A b s o r p t i o n
S m a l l
i n t e s t i n e
●
J e j u n u m
a n d
i l e u m
a b s o r b
m o n o s a c c h a r i d e s ,
f a t t y
a c i d s ,
m o n o g l y c e r i d e s ,
a m i n o
a c i d
a n d
w a t e r
●
E p i t h e l i a l
f u n c t i o n
o f
j e j u n u m
a n d
i l e u m
=
e x c h a n g e
M u s c l e
l a y e r s
H e l p s
w i t h
p e r i s t a l s i s
( h a p p e n s
r i g h t
a f t e r
y o u
s w a l l o w )
V I l l u s
( p l u r a l
V i l l i )
F i n g e r l i k e
t h i n g s
s t r u c t u r e s
i n s i d e
t h e
s m a l l
i n t e s t i n e
C o n n e c t i v e
t i s s u e
-
c i r c u l a t o r y
t i s s u e
-
b l o o d
v e s s e l s
B i g g e r
a n d
e p i t h e l i a l
c e l l s
s u r r o u n d i n g
t h e
v i l l u s
V i l l i
i s
i n
c o n t a c t
w i t h
t h e
l u m e n
M i c r o v i l l i
P a r t
o f
e a c h
o f
e p i t h e l i u m
c e l l
S m a l l e r
a n d
a t t a c h e d
t o
t h e
e p i t h e l i a l
c e l l
A n a t o m y
L a r g e
s u r f a c e
a r e a
c r e a t e d
b y :
●
F o l d s
o f
t h e
i n t e s t i n a l
w a l l
●
V i l l i
( s i n g u l a r
=
v i l l u s )
○
F i n g e r
l i k e
p r o j e c t i o n
o f
i n t e s t i n a l
l i n i n g
○
M u l t i c e l l u l a r
t i s s u e :
e p i t h e l i a
c e l l s ,
c o n n e c t i v e
t i s s u e ,
c a p i l l a r i e s ,
a n d
l y m p h
d u c t s
●
M i c r o v i l l i
( s i n g u l a r
M i c r o v i l l u s )
○
M u l t i p l e
f o l d s
o f
c e l l
m e m b r a n e
o n
e v e r y
i n t e s t i n a l
e p i t h e l i a l
c e l l s
○
C o n t a i n s
m a n y
t r a n s p o r t
p r o t e i n s
P R A C T I C E
Q U E S T I O N :
S o m e
a n i m a l s
c a n
i n c r e a s e
i n t e s t i n a l
s u r f a c e
a r e a
w i t h i n
l e s s
t h a n
3
h o u r s
a f t e r
e a t i n g .
W h a t
a n a t o m i c a l
c h a n g e
w o u l d
y o u
p r e d i c t
m i g h t
o c c u r
i n
r e c e n t l y
f e d
a n i m a l s ?
A .
T h e
s m a l l
i n t e s t i n e
w i l l
g r o w
l o n g e r
B .
M o r e
i n t e s t i n a l
e p i t h e l i a l
c e l l s
w i l l
b e
p r o d u c e d
b y
m i t o s i s
C .
M o r e
v i l l i
w i l l
f o r m
i n
t h e
s m a l l
i n t e s t i n e . D .
M i c r o v i l l i
o n
i n t e s t i n a l
e p i t h e l i a l
c e l l
m e m b r a n e s
w i l l
b e c o m e
l o n g e r .
T i g h t
j u n c t i o n s
F o r m e d
b y
p r o t e i n s
i n
t h e
m e m b r a n e
o f
n e i g h b o r i n g
e p i t h e l i a l
c e l l s
M a k e
a
c o n t i n u o u s
s e a l
a r o u n d
e p i t h e l i a l
c e l l
P r e v e n t
c o n t e n t s
o f
i n t e s t i n e
f r o m
e n t e r i n g
b e t w e e n
c e l l s
L a r g e
i n t e s t i n e
M a i n
f u n c t i o n
●
A b s o r p t i o n
o f
w a t e r
a n d
v i t a m i n s
H o m e
t o
b a c t e r i a l
c o m m u n i t y
( g u t
m i c r o b e s )
●
G u t
m i c r o b e s
-
b a c t e r i a
p r o d u c e
v i t a m i n
K ,
b i o t i n ,
a n d
f o l i c
a c i d
●
I n fl u e n c e
i m m u n e
s y s t e m
f u n c t i o n
●
I n fl u e n c e
o v e r a l l
h e a l t h
o f
h o s t
L i p i d s
a n d
C e l l
M e m b r a n e s
L i p i d s
●
C o n t a i n
C
●
n o n - p o l a r
,
h y d r o p h o b i c
●
S t r u c t u r e
h i g h l y
v a r i a b l e
S t e r o i d s
●
C a r b o n
s k e l e t o n
=
4
r i n g s
●
V a r i a b l e
s i d e
c h a i n s
●
A n i m a l
c e l l
m e m b r a n e s
c o n t a i n
c h o l e s t e r o l
( s t e r o i d
m o l e c u l e ,
s t a r t i n g
m a t e r i a l
f o r
m a k i n g
a l l
s t e r o i d
m o l e c u l e s )
●
E x a m p l e s
o f
s t e r o i d
h o r m o n e s :
t e s t o s t e r o n e ,
e s t r o g e n ,
p r o g e s t e r o n e
F a t t y
a c i d s
●
S t r u c t u r e
○
C a r b o x y l
g r o u p
( t o p
p a r t ) :
( C a r b o n
a n d
o x y g e n
a t t a c h e d
b y
d o u b l e
c o v a l e n t
b o n d ,
c a r b o n
a n d
O H
a t t a c h e d
b y
s i n g l e
c o v a l e n t
b o n d .
H y d r o c a r b o n
T a i l
( b o t t o m
p a r t ) :
z i g - z a g g e d
s h a p e ,
i n d i c a t i n g
s a t u r a t i o n .
S a t u r a t e d
●
A l l
C
a t o m s
l i n k e d
b y
s i n g l e
c o v a l e n t
b o n d s
●
A l l
C
a r e
b o n d e d
t o
m a x i m u m
n u m b e r
o f
H
( =
“ s a t u r a t e d )
●
S o l i d
o r
s e m i - s o l i d
a t
r o o m
t e m p e r a t u r e
U n s a t u r a t e d
●
S o m e
C
a r e
a t t a c h e d
t o
e a c h
o t h e r
b y
d o u b l e
b o n d s
●
C a r b o n
-
c a r b o n
d o u b l e
b o n d
c a u s e s
b e n t
s h a p e
i n
h y d r o c a r b o n
t a i l
●
L i q u i d
f o r m
a t
r o o m
t e m p e r a t u r e
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