Summary notes of common paediatric conditions. Covers clinical features, risk factors/causes, relevant diagnostic features and investigations and management guidelines for all the conditions.
Cross referenced with passmed/zero to finals/NICE guidelines - relevant for medical school finals
1. Developmental milestones
2. Neonatal examination
3. Paediatric growth chart interpretation and documentation
4. Paediatric history
5. Paediatric common presenting complaints
a. Failure to thrive
b. Weight increase
c. Developmental delay
d. Precocious puberty
e. Delayed puberty
f. Behavioural problems
g. Childhood bruising
h. Faints/fits and funny turns
6. Paediatric Respiratory examination
a. Asthma
b. Acute asthma
c. Bronchiolitis
d. Bronchiectasis and chronic cough
e. Croup
f. Cystic fibrosis
g. Pneumonia
h. URTIs
7. Congenital heart defects
8. Paediatric gastroenterology
a. Acute abdomen
b. Coeliac disease
c. Constipation
d. Eosinophilic oesophagitis
e. Gastroenteritis
f. GOR
g. Hirschsprung disease
h. IBD
i. IBS and other functional disorders
j. Pyloric stenosis
9. Paediatric neurology
a. Autism spectrum disorder
b. Cerebral palsy
c. Seizures
d. Febrile seizures
e. Epilepsy
10. DM
11. Paediatric rashes and infections
a. Rashes
b. SJS and TEN
c. HSP
d. UTI
e. Meningitis
f. Encephalitis
12. Paediatric development
13. Common genetic disorders
,DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
FUNCTIONAL AREAS
1. Gross motor
2. Vision and fine motor
3. Hearing, speech and language
4. Social, emotional and behavioural
GROSS MOTOR
- Neonate
o limbs flexed, symmetrical pattern
o marked head lag on pulling up
- 6-8 weeks
o Raises head to 45 degrees in prone (tummy-time)
- 6-8 months
o Sits within support (initially round back, then straight back)
o Limit age = 9 months
- 8-9 months
o Crawling
- 10 months
o Stands independently
o Cruises around furniture
- 12 months
o Walks unsteadily – broad gait with hands apart
o Limit age = 18 months
- 15 months
o Walks steadily
- 2.5 years
o Runs and jumps
VISION AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
- 6 weeks
o Follows moving object or face by turning the head (fixing and following)
o Limit age = 3 months
- 4 months
o Reaches out for toys
o Limit age = 6 months
- 4-6 months
o Palmar grasp
- 7 months
o Transfers toys from one had to another
o Limit age = 9 months
- 10 months
o Mature pincer grip
o Limit age = 12 months
- 16-18 months
o Makes mark with crayons
- 14 months – 4 years – brick building
o 18 months = tower of 3
o 2 years = tower of 6
o 2.5 years = tower of eight or train with four bricks
o 3 years = bridge (from a model)
o 4 years = steps (with demonstration)
- Pencil skills (drawing without seeing how it is done, copying can be done 6 months earlier)
o 2 years = line
o 3 years = circle
o 3.5 years = cross
o 4 years = square
o 5 years = triangle
, HEARING, SPEECH AND LANGUATE
- Neonate
o Startles to loud noises
- 3-4 months
o Vocalises alone or when spoken to, coos and laughs “aa, aa”
- 7 months
o Turns to soft sounds out of sight
o Polysyllabic babble “babababa, lalalala”
- 7-10 months
o Sounds used indiscriminately at 7 months
o Sounds used discriminately to parents at 10 months “Dada, Mama”
- 12 months
o 2-3 words other than Dada or Mama
o Understands name “Drink”
- 18 months
o 6-10 words
o Able to show two parts of the body “Where is your nose?”
- 20-24 months
o Joins two or more words to make simple phrases
o “Give me teddy”
- 2.5 years – 3 years
o Talks constantly in 3-4 word sentences
o Understands 2 joined commands “Push me fast Daddy”
SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL, AND BEHAVIOURAL DEVELOPMENT
- 6 weeks
o Smiles responsively
o Limit age = 8 weeks
- 6-8 months
o Puts food in their mouth
- 10-12 months
o Waves bye-bye
o Plays peek-a-boo
- 12 months
o Drinks from a cup with two hands
- 18 months
o Holds spoon and gets food safely to mouth
- 18-24 months
o Symbolic play
o Limit age = 2-2.5 years
- 2 years
o Toilet training: dry by day
o Pulls of some clothing
- 2.5-3 years
o Parallel play
o Interactive play evolving
o Takes turns
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