Microbiology Exam 1 (Chapters 1, 3-5) Solved Q & A Graded A+
Microbiology
Specialized area of biology that deals with organisms ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.
Microorganisms
A living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.
Classification
Orderly ...
Microbiology Exam 1 (Chapters 1, 3-5) Solved Q & A
Graded A+
Microbiology
Specialized area of biology that deals with organisms ordinarily too small to be seen
without magnification.
Microorganisms
A living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.
Classification
Orderly arrangement of organisms into groups.
Nomenclature
System of assigning names.
Binomial nomenclature
Two-name system of naming organisms (Latin, Greek). Two names: Genus, species.
It's always underlined or italicized. Genus first letter always capitalized, species not
capitalized. Once it's been mentioned, the genus name can be shortened.
Acellular organisms
Viruses. Exist without a cellular structure.
Cellular organisms
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes
Organisms whose genetic material is not enclosed in membrane and lack specific
organelles including a nucleus (bacteria).
Eukaryotes
Organisms whose genetic material is enclosed in nucleus (fungi, protozoa, algae).
Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells, and in addition to lacking a nucleus,
they lack other complex internal compartments called organelles. All prokaryotes are
microorganisms while only some eukaryotes are microorganisms (including algae,
protozoa, molds and yeasts- and even anthropods).
Binary fission
The way bacteria reproduce. Splitting of a parent cell into two equal parts.
Mycology
The study of fungi.
Phycology
The study of simple photosynthetic eukaryotes (algae) ranging from single celled forms
to large seaweeds.
Pathogen
Disease causing agents.
Genetic engineering
Manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating
new products and genetically modified organisms.
Recombinant DNA
Switch DNA from one organism to another to design new organisms.
Lactic acid bacteria
,Dairy products, yogurt and cheese.
Curds
Solid chunks of day old milk, (fats and proteins etc. used in cheese) and whey (mostly
water). A gallon of milk yields only about 1.25 pounds of cheese (weight lost is water).
Whey
Liquid part of day old milk, mostly water.
Rennin
Turn caseinogens to casein.
Curdling
Products cause milk to separate into curds (the milk solids, fats, proteins, etc.
Scientific method
Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon.
Hypothesis
A tentative explanation or statement to account for what is observed or measured.
Theory
Hypothesis backed by growing data.
Spontaneous generation
Life can rise from nonliving material.
Cell theory
All things are made of cells.
Biogenesis
the production of living organisms from other living organisms
Fermentation
Organisms convert sugar into alcohol or acid (vinegar). Using bacterial/fungal enzymes,
convert food substrate from one form to another. Aid in slow food spoilage. Foods use it
for flavor and other properties. Fermentation products include Lactic acid, acetic acid,
yeast, etc.
Pasteurization
To kill organisms by heat, some spoiling agents still stay.
Germ theory of disease
Theory that microbes can invade other organisms and cause diseases.
Koch's postulates
Set of procedures to determine if a microbe causes a certain disease. Verified the germ
theory of disease.
Aseptic technique
Aimed at reducing microbes in a medical setting and preventing wound infections. Lister
proposed the idea of aspetic techniques and the importance of hand washing and
equipment sterilization.
Chemotherapy
Treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances. Now problem with drug
resistance.
Synthetic drugs
Chemical substances made in a lab.
Antibiotics
Chemical substance made by microbes.
General sizes of macroscopic organisms?
, 1 mm
Size of Microscopic organisms?
1 um to 100 um
Size of Viruses?
10 nm to 100 nm
What are the 3 domains used in the Woese-Fox system of classification?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.
Which domain are fungi members of?
Eukarya
Which domain are Protozoa?
Eukarya
Which domain are Algae?
Eukarya
Which domain are E. coli?
Bacteria
Which domain are Viruses?
Neither
Viruses
Neither prokaryote or eukaryote; acellular. Very small (nm). Need an electron
microscope to see them. Parasite. Core/caspid contains nucleic acids and a protein
coat. Some envelope around caspids.
Bacteria
Prokaryote. All are microbes. Has a cell wall made up of Eubacteria peptidoglycan.
Absorb nutrition. Reproduce by binary fission. Unicellular. Commonly found in biofilms.
Algae
Unicellular, some are multicellular. Reproduce asexually and sexually. Nutrition by
photosynthesis. Cell wall made of cellulose.
Fungi
Some are unicellular, some are multicellular. Nonmotile. Reproduce by asexual and
sexual reproduction. Cell wall made of chitin. Fungi digest outside then ingest, absorb
by release enzymes into environment. Cell membrane made of ergosterol instead of
cholesterol.
Protozoa
Unicellular. Reproduce sexually and asexually. No cell wall. Absorb nutrition. Use
pseudopods, cilia and flagella for motility.
Name 3 cellular structures protozoa use for locomotion
Pseudopods, flagella, cilia.
Be familiar with the ways that microorganisms are beneficial
Part of food chain. Beneficially interact with other organisms in nature. Normal flora-
vitamins. Help initial digestion of nutrients in rumen of stomach (primarily cellulose).
Production of oxygen. Antibiotics, vaccine, medical advances).
Be familiar with the ways that microbes affect the world.
Found everywhere, part of the ecosystem (make greenhouse gasses, soil formation,
mineral extraction), Nutrient recycling (CO2 and Nitrogen fixation). Decomposition.
Interactions with other organisms- pathogens or beneficial.
Mycology
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