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Test Bank - Biochemistry-A Short Course, 4th Edition (Tymoczko, 2019), Chapter 1-41 | All Chapters
Test Bank - Biochemistry-A Short Course, 4th Edition (Tymoczko, 2019), Chapter 1-41 | All Chapters
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TEST BANKBiochemistry: A Short Course
John L. Tymoczko, Jeremy M. Berg, Gregory J. Gatto Jr., and Lubert Stryer
4th Edition Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life 1
Chapter 02 Water, Weak Bonds, and the Generation of Order Out of Chaos 11
Chapter 03 Amino Acids 21
Chapter 04 Protein Three-Dimensional Structure 31
Chapter 05 Techniques in Protein Biochemistry 42
Chapter 06 Basic Concepts of Enzyme Action 52
Chapter 07 Kinetics and Regulation 62
Chapter 08 Mechanisms and Inhibitors 75
Chapter 09 Hemoglobin, An Allosteric Protein 86
Chapter 10 Carbohydrates 96
Chapter 11 Lipids 106
Chapter 12 Membrane Structure and Function 116
Chapter 13 Signal-Transduction Pathways 127
Chapter 14 Digestion-Turning a Meal into Cellular Biochemicals 138
Chapter 15 Metabolism-Basic Concepts and Design 149
Chapter 16 Glycolysis 160
Chapter 17 Gluconeogenesis 170
Chapter 18 Preparation for the Cycle 180
Chapter 19 Harvesting Electrons from the Cycle 190
Chapter 20 The Electron-Transport Chain 201
Chapter 21 The Proton-Motive Force 211
Chapter 22 The Light Reactions 222
Chapter 23 The Calvin Cycle 233
Chapter 24 Glycogen Degradation 243
Chapter 25 Glycogen Synthesis 253
Chapter 26 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway 263
Chapter 27 Fatty Acid Degradation 273
Chapter 28 Fatty Acid Synthesis 284
Chapter 29 Lipid Synthesis-Storage Lipids, Phospholipids, and Cholesterol 294
Chapter 30 Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle 304
Chapter 31 Amino Acid Synthesis 314
Chapter 32 Nucleotide Metabolism 324
Chapter 33 The Structure of Informational Macromolecules-DNA and RNA 335
Chapter 34 DNA Replication 345
Chapter 35 DNA Repair and Recombination 355
Chapter 36 RNA Synthesis and Regulation in Bacteria 366
Chapter 37 Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 376
Chapter 38 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes 387
Chapter 39 The Genetic Code 397
Chapter 40 The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis 409
Chapter 41 Recombinant DNA Techniques 420 Chapter 01: Biochemistry and the Unity of Life 1. What underlies the unity of biochemistry? a. Some organisms are highly uniform at the molecular level. b. All leaving beings are highly uniform at the organismal level. c. Organisms are highly uniform at the cellular level. d. All organisms are highly uniform at the molecular level. e. Some leaving beings are highly uniform at the cellular level. ANSWER: d 2. How many times more carbon is contained in organ isms than in Earth's crust? a. 60 times b. 50 times c. 9.5 times d. 10 times e. 100 times ANSWER: b 3. Why is carbon preferable to be the chemical base for life? a. Carbone dioxide is essentially insoluble in water. b. It escapes the biochemical circulation once it is utilized. c. The stability and strength of the carbon–carbon bon ds make it a good base for larger molecular complexes. d. By reacting with hydrogen, it can undergo combustion, which provides organisms with energy. e. Carbon dioxide is a strong construction material. ANSWER: c 4. What is NOT a primary function of proteins? a. signal receptors b. energy storage c. signal molecules d. structural units e. defensive agents ANSWER: b 5. What does being a catalyst mean? a. slowing down the rate of reactions to increase control over them b. being fully utilized in the course of a reaction ; causing no unnecessary change in the reaction components c. repeatedly enhancing the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed d. repeatedly decreasing the rate of chemical reactions without being affected by enzymes e. enhancing the rate of chemical reactions being perm anently affected during their course to control the environmental changes ANSWER: c __ ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Biochemistry: A Short Course, 4th Edition (Tymoczko, 2019)
1 | P a g e 6. Which structure CANNOT be a nucleotide? a. a five-carbon sugar attached to a base and at least one phosphoryl group b. a five-carbon sugar attached to a heterocyclic ring structure and one phosphoryl group c. a five-carbon sugar attached to a base and two phosphoryl groups d. a five-carbon sugar attached to a base and four phosphoryl groups e. a five-carbon sugar attached to a heterocyclic ring structure and three phosphoryl groups ANSWER: d 7. What determines the nature of an organism? a. the information stored in proteins b. the information contained in deoxyribonucleotides c. the information stored in the deoxyribonucleic acid d. the information stored in biological polymers e. the information contained in the ribonucleic acid ANSWER: c 8. What is NOT a nucleotide? a. adenine b. thymine c. uracil d. cytosine e. adenosine ANSWER: e 9. Which statement about compositional differences between DNA and RNA is TRUE? a. Ribonucleotides contain an additional hydroxyl group. b. Ribonucleotides exploit three different bases, while deoxyribonucleotides exploit four. c. Deoxyribonucleotides contain an additional hydroxyl group. d. Deoxyribonucleotides contain a five-carbon sugar, whereas RNA bases contain a six-carbon sugar. e. Ribonucleotides exploit four different bases, while deoxyribonucleotides exploit tree. ANSWER: a 10. What is the molecular basis for establishing in tracellular compartments? a. the formation of membranous barriers due to ability of proteins to form extended linear structures b. the ability of lipids to form barriers due to their dual properties regarding solubility in water c. the formation of lipid barriers due to the small size of lipids d. the development of lipid barriers due to hydrophilic interactions within lipid molecules e. the formation of lipid barriers due to the dual nat ure of lipids regarding their interactions with proteins ANSWER: b 11. What can serve as sites of cell-to-cell interac tions? a. molecules of glycogen b. branched chains of carbohydrates __ ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Biochemistry: A Short Course, 4th Edition (Tymoczko, 2019)
2 | P a g e c. branched proteins d. hydrophobic tails of lipids e. hydrophilic heads of lipids ANSWER: b 12. Choose the CORRECT statement about functions of lipids and proteins. a. They both can be involved in signal transduction. b. They both form a cell skeleton. c. They both act as receptors for signal molecules. d. They both can provide large amounts of cellular energy upon combustion. e. They both are involved in the transfer of biological information. ANSWER: a 13. What determines the function of a cell or tissu e? a. information contained in the genome b. selective transcription of RNA c. translation of RNA d. replication of DNA e. selective expression of genes ANSWER: e 14. What is the central dogma? a. the flow of information across all biomolecules of a cell b. the scheme proposed by Francis Crick to describe complex cell-to-cell interactions c. the basic scheme of the flow of information in the cell for eventual rendering of the genetic information into a functional form d. the scheme proposed in 1958 to describe the genome e. the basic scheme of selective replication of DNA ANSWER: c 15. What is the basic unit of life? a. DNA b. protein c. RNA d. cell e. biomolecular complexes ANSWER: d 16. What constitutes the cell membrane? a. a lipid bilayer organized through interaction of li pid hydrophobic heads with each other and lipid hydrophilic tails with the environment b. the outer layer of a cytoplasm c. a lipid bilayer organized through interaction of li pid hydrophobic tails with each other and lipid hydrophilic heads with an aqueous environment __ ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Biochemistry: A Short Course, 4th Edition (Tymoczko, 2019)
3 | P a g e d. the periplasmic space e. a lipid bilayer organized by interaction with membrane proteins ANSWER: c 17. How can one distinguish eukaryotic and prokaryo tic cells? a. Eukaryotic cells do not have any membranous compartments. b. The cytoplasm is present only in eukaryotic cells. c. The nucleoid in eukaryotes, unlike in prokaryotes, occupies most of the cell. d. Membrane -enclosed compartments are absent in prokaryotes. e. Eukaryotic cells are surrounded by two membranes with the periplasmic space in between. ANSWER: d 18. What are two biochemical features that are obli gatory for a cell to exist? a. plasma membrane and nucleus b. nucleus and cytoplasm c. storage for genetic information and a lipid bilayer d. plasma membrane and nucleoid e. plasma membrane and cytoplasm ANSWER: e 19. What is an example of the structural function o f carbohydrates? a. formation of branched complexes involved in cell-to-cell interaction b. construction of a cell wall c. formation of glycogen polymers d. modification of proteins e. construction of starch in plants ANSWER: b 20. Which is an organelle? a. ribosome b. cytoskeleton c. plasma membrane d. secretory granule e. nucleoid ANSWER: d 21. Which sequence of steps preceding DNA replicati on is TRUE? a. The DNA polymerase gene is transcribed in the nucle us → the DNA is translated into the enzyme on ER → the enzyme is translocated through nuclear pores into the nucleus. b. mRNA of the DNA polymerase gene is synthesized i n the nucleus → the mRNA is transferred to the cytoplasm → the DNA polymerase is synthesized on th e ribosome → the enzyme is translocated through nuclear pores into the nucleus. c. The DNA polymerase gene is translated in the nucleu s → the mRNA is transferred to the cytoplasm → transcription takes place in the ribosome → the enzyme is translocated through nuclear pores into __ ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Biochemistry: A Short Course, 4th Edition (Tymoczko, 2019)
4 | P a g e the nucleus. d. mRNA of the DNA polymerase gene is translated in the cytoplasm→ the enzyme is transferred to the nucleus → transcription takes place in the ribosome. e. mRNA of the DNA polymerase gene is synthesized in t he cytoplasm → the mRNA is transferred to the nucleus → the DNA polymerase is synthesized on the ribosome → the enzyme is translocated through nuclear pores out of the nucleus. ANSWER: b 22. In which organelles is chemical energy generate d? a. nucleus and mitochondrion b. chloroplast and nucleus c. mitochondrion and endosome d. mitochondrion and chloroplast e. nucleus and endosome ANSWER: d 23. What is the source of cellular energy? a. glucose b. mitochondrion c. adenosine triphosphate d. glycogen e. lipids ANSWER: c 24. The quantity of which organelle can be markedly changed by increasing the ingestion of drugs by an organism? a. smooth ER b. zymogen granules c. rough ER d. the Golgi complex e. ER lumen ANSWER: a 25. What organelles is NOT surrounded by two membra nes? a. nucleus b. chloroplast c. mitochondrion d. the Golgi complex e. chromoplast ANSWER: d 26. Which statement about a plant cell is TRUE? a. The conversion of sunlight into a form of energy useful for a cell takes place in the plant vacuole. b. The plant cell wall is constructed from linear polymers of amino acids. __ ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Biochemistry: A Short Course, 4th Edition (Tymoczko, 2019)
5 | P a g e c. The conversion of sunlight into a form of energy useful for a cell takes place in the mitochondrion. d. Chloroplasts power the whole living world. e. The plant cell wall is constructed mostly from branched polymers of carbohydrates. ANSWER: d 27. How big is a human microbiome in relation to th e number of human cells? a. relates as 0:1 b. relates as 2:1 c. relates as 13:1 d. relates as 1:2 e. approximately equal ANSWER: e 28. What is the role of DNA polymerase? a. It catalyzes the transcription of DNA. b. It structures the collection of genes. c. It is the catalyst of synthesis of new strands of DNA. d. It selectively expresses heritable information of an organism. e. It is the catalyst of separation of DNA strands. ANSWER: c 29. Where are secreted proteins modified? a. smooth ER and transport vesicle b. the Golgi complex and smooth ER c. rough ER and transport vesicle d. the Golgi complex and transport vesicle e. rough ER and the Golgi complex ANSWER: e 30. What regions of the endoplasmic reticulum can l ack ribosomes? a. rough ER and budding -off secretory vesicles b. smooth ER and transport vesicles budding off the rough ER c. smooth ER and secretory vesicles budding off the rough ER d. rough ER and transport vesicles budding off the smooth ER e. smooth ER and sequestered plasma membrane ANSWER: b 31. Which statement about the difference between en docytosis and phagocytosis is TRUE? a. Endosomes formed only in phagocytosis can be fused with lysosomes. b. Small amounts of material can be taken into the cell by phagocytosis but only large ones by endocytosis. c. Endosomes formed only in endocytosis can be fused with lysosomes. d. Large amounts of material can be taken into the cell by phagocytosis but only small ones by endocytosis. __ ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Biochemistry: A Short Course, 4th Edition (Tymoczko, 2019)
6 | P a g e e. Only immune cells can endocytize cholesterol. ANSWER: d 32. Which process is similar to the formation of ly sosomes? a. formation of secretory granules b. endocytosis c. phagocytosis d. formation of transport vesicles e. stacking of membranes ANSWER: a 33. Where does sorting of proteins take place? a. rough ER b. transport vesicle c. the Golgi complex d. smooth ER e. secretory vesicle ANSWER: c 34. What components can assist in protein folding? a. stacked membranes b. chaperons c. zymogens d. ribosomes e. lipids ANSWER: b 35. Which organelles are unique for plant cells? a. chloroplasts and plant vacuole b. chloroplasts, cell wall, and plant vacuole c. chloroplasts d. cell wall and plant vacuole e. chloroplasts and filaments ANSWER: a 36. What characterizes the matrix of the mitochondr ia? a. membrane that is in touch with the cytoplasm b. highly invaginated membrane c. combustion of fuel molecules d. intermembrane space e. actin filaments ANSWER: b 37. Which is common between the biomolecules that contribute to the transfer of biological information? __ ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Biochemistry: A Short Course, 4th Edition (Tymoczko, 2019)
7 | P a g e a. diverse three -dimensional structure b. dimerization c. dual chemical nature d. repeating units in the linear structure e. repeating units in the branched structure ANSWER: d 38. In higher organisms, what is a polymer with dou ble-stranded phosphodiester-linked monomers? a. RNA b. DNA c. protein d. carbohydrate e. lipid ANSWER: b 39. What determines folding of a protein? a. hydrophobic or hydrophilic environment b. the location of a protein in the cell c. the pH of the cytoplasm d. the sequence of amino acids that constitute the protein e. interactions of proteins with lipids ANSWER: d 40. The half-life of what molecule is likely to be the shortest? a. protein b. lipid c. carbohydrate d. DNA e. mRNA ANSWER: e 41. What is another function of a plasma membrane a part from its barrier function? a. providing to the interior of the cell an enclosed environment that no molecules may cross b. providing a selectively permeable barrier with the aid of transport proteins c. giving eukaryote and prokaryote cells structural strength d. allowing only a free passage of water in and out of the cell e. facilitated entrance of hormones ANSWER: b 42. Poisons that kill an organism as a result of a loss of high-energy ATP molecules are MOST likely t o target which organelle? a. mitochondria b. cytoskeleton __ ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Biochemistry: A Short Course, 4th Edition (Tymoczko, 2019)
8 | P a g e
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