Cancer is a multistage process transforming normal cells into malignancy
Aneuploidy is a change in chromosome number
Translocations are when chromosomes join or swap ends
Karyotyping is the viewing of chromosomes and is carried out by
o Cells put on slide and centrifuged at 1000rpm
o Cells fixed with alcohol and stained with Giemsa
o Count cells under microscope
Cancers evade immune responses by
o Release of cancer antigens
o Cancer antigen presentation
o Priming and activation
o Trafficking of T cells to tumours
o Infiltration of T cells
o Recognition of cancer cells by T cells
o Killing of cancer cells
Cancer is a heterogenous disease as only a handful of common mutations of different genes
have similar effects
B Cell Lymphoid Neoplasms
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Small lymphocytic lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Marginal zone lymphoma
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
, Germinal Centres
During proliferation, B cell receptor locus is mutated at in increased rate
Newly mutated B cells migrate to the light zone where they compete for antigen presented
on T cell
Non-competitive B cells die
Positively selected B cells differentiate into memory B cells and plasma cells
Follicular Lymphoma
Lymphoma derived from germinal centre B cells
Its an indolent disease which is mostly incurable
o However it may transform into an aggressive disease
80% have a translocation between IgH locus and BCL2 on chromosome 18 and 14
Follicular lymphoma is diagnosed by biopsy
Symptoms
o Swollen lymph nodes
o Pain in chest
o Bone pain
o Skin lumps
o Coughing
o Fatigue
o Fever
The IHC shows centroblasts and centrocytes dividing poorly along with overexpression of
BCL2
o It also shows an infiltrate on lymphocytes predominantly CD20+ B cells with co-
expression of CD10, BCL6 and BCL2
Can be classified by WHO/REAL
o grade 1 - <5 centroblasts per high power field (hpf)
o grade 2 - 6-15 centroblasts per hpf
o grade 3 >15 centroblasts per hpf
grade 3A - centrocytes still present
grade 3B - follicles consists mostly of centroblasts
Can be classified by Ann Arbor staging
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller hawkinsella2002. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.09. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
