Summary
Stem Cells and Cloning Full Summary
- Course
- Institution
In depth course notes for the stem cells and cloning section of content
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
erinsnotes
Reviews received
Content preview
Stem Cells and Therapeutic ApplicationsModule 8
Stem cell = single cell that can replicate itself or differen8ate into many cell types
- Will grow in culture indefinitely
To8potent vs pluripotent vs mul8potent stem cells
- Zygote = to8potent stem cell
o Will differen8ate into all the cells
- To8potent à can contribute to extraembryonic 8ssue or differen8ate into any cell
o Could result in an en8re organism
- Pluripotent à can differen8ate into many different cell types but not able to form a
complete organism on their own
- Mul8potent à can differen8ate but more specialized and limited
- Blastula = pluripotent stem cells
o Inner cell mass
o Inner cell mass can be expanded in culture
o Will differen8ate into different cell types
o Disadvantage = not matched to pa8ent
- Invagina8on of blastula = gastrula (mul8potent stem cells)
o Divides into 3 germ layers
§ Ectoderm
§ Mesoderm
§ Endoderm
o Can differen8ate into germ cells
Mul8potent Stem Cells
- Placenta mesenchymal stem cells (from mesoderm lineage)
o Stem cells from cord 8ssue and cord blood from placenta
o Hematopoie8c stem cells à mul8potent not pluripotent
Classical View of Differen8a8on = one way differen8a8on over 8me
- Cannot re-program cells that have gone down a specific differen8a8on route
, Soma8c Cell Nuclear Transplant/Transfer (SCNT)
- Inject nucleus from adult soma8c cell (differenta8ated cell) into an enucleated egg
- Allow development to occur to form blastocyst
o Can make embryonic stem cells, fetus/tadpole or fer8le adult
In humans:
- Removed DNA from human oocyte
- Reprogrammed nuclei from skin cells of 8 month old baby
- Injected nuclei into oocytes
- Successful derived ES cells from blastocysts
*addi8on of a dose of caffeine helps produce cloned human embryos that could provide a
tailor made stem cell line
Therapeu8c Cloning vs reproduc8ve cloning
- Reproduc8ve cloning = genera8on of a new organism
o Dolly the sheep
- Therapeu8c cloning = genera8on of a blastula and
harvesta8on of inner cell mass to harvest stem cells for
treatment of disease
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS cells)
- 4 pluripotency factors (transcrip8on factors)
o C-myc (proto-oncogene, TF)
o Oct4 (proto-oncogene, TF)
o KLF4 (kruppel-like factor 4, TF that interacts with
p53 – oncogenic poten8al)
o Sox2 (SRY box 2, TF, stem cell maintenance in
nervous system)
- Allowed for reprogramming of soma8c cells
Issues
- SCNT à
o Source of oocytes
o Can human cells be reprogrammed
o Ethical issues of therapeu8c vs reproduc8ve cloning (eg. To cure mitochondrial
diseases)
- iPS à
o oncogenic poten8al of reprogrammed cells
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller erinsnotes. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $5.64. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75323 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now