Summary OCR A-level Geography Pharmaceutical corporation Case Study (disease dilemmas) - GlaxoSmithKline
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Course
Disease Dilemmas (H481)
Institution
OCR
Book
OCR A Level Geography Second Edition
Highly detailed case study overview of GlaxoSmithKline, including their pharmaceutical portfolio and metrics of sales, and an ethical evaluation of their practices, including distribution, patents and corporate-social responsibility
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Stage 1) Scientific Breakthroughs:
Slowing of scientific breakthroughs in late 1900s & DNA/gene technology Big Pharma Controversy:
were not as influential on new medicine as expected
Only 10% of medicines in development actually reach patients – takes 15yrs
from concept to actual approved medicine
80% of GSK research spending = medicine development for
respiratory/HIV/infectious diseases, oncology & immuno-inflammation
58% of total GSK turnover in 2016 = £16.1bil in pharmaceutical sales
>90% of GSK’s pipeline vaccines are being developed in partnership with
others
Company has long history of collaborating with governments, NGOs,
vaccine producers, etc.
Stage 2) Patents:
GSK vaccines have been in production since first smallpox vaccine in 1882,
now with portfolio of 40 vaccines for 22 diseases
Vaccines targeting pneumococcal disease, meningitis, hepatitis, rotavirus,
whooping cough & influenza
1/3 of GSK’s vaccines target diseases prevalent in developing world (eg:
HIV, malaria, & TB – WHO priorities)
16% of turnover contributed by vaccines to GSK in 2016
2016: GSK promises to not seek patent protection on medicines in low-
income countries GSK Fact File:
Agreed to offer any cancer drugs developed to UN-backed Medicines
Patent Pool (MPP) = issues voluntary licenses to generic manufacturers in - British pharmaceutical company
LIDCs - 6th largest pharma company worldwide (2015)
Still seeks full IP protection on products in all ACs, EDCs & G20
See images below for their marketing and products:
Stage 3) Drug Manufacturing:
Vaccine manufacture takes 6-26 months + 100-500 quality checks
GSK’s global manufacturing & supply (GMS) teams responsible for this
GMS employs >27,000 people in 36 countries
4bil packs of medicine & almost 900mil vaccine doses produced annually
Stage 4) Global Flows of Distribution:
2 mil vaccines distributed each day in >160 countries Evidence of Corporate- Social Responsibility:
Increasing demand expected as world’s population grows & lifestyle
changes affect long-term health Increased robustness & strength of healthcare systems & facilities by
GSK provides products to ~90% of countries (Eg of exception = North Korea) encouraging health workers into more remote areas, providing preventative
Widening access in rural areas, Eg: building a distribution network covering education
16,000 villages in rural India & aims to cover 15% of India’s total rural Worked with Comic Relief to provide grants to support organisations fighting
population by end of 2014 malaria in sub-Saharan Africa & Asia
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