This note is an AQA A level Physics note on Particles and Radiation. There are useful tables, graphs and some drawings and illustrations attached in the note for better understanding.
↳ # of electrons in ->
Ernest Rutherford's
8
-
model (1911)
-
the outer shell
·
molecule :
when two or more atoms are chemically bonded
·
element :
a substance that cannot be broken down into
other substance
any .
Every element is made up of its own
type of atom .
element
atom
②gen
Ex)
Water
H20
en - > molecule
Matter
element
specific charge ratio of Particle's charge & mass
(values relative to
proton)
charge I
specific
in C
charge : ratio
mass in kg Should]
* When calculating for specific charge ,
the ans .
↓ be in the same d as the lowest number of S t
of Particle's charge&
.
p .
. .
*
, 2 .
Nuclide Notation
A
chemical
·
nuclide notation + nucleon #
(MasS#) symbol
# of (protons neutrons)
protons
+
-
:
Z
-
-# of neutrons A- Z &tomic #
=
C# of protons
-
# of electrons =
2
·
when # of protons= # of electrons =
neutral atom
(non-charged)
when of # # of elections ion
protons
· =
·
nucleon : term meaning either proton/neutron particle
;
in nucleus
Ex Sodium :
PN Sodium ion :
YPNI&- Imorproton
#of p-11 #of p-11
# of n-12 # of -12
#
of e-11 #
of e-10
3 . Isotopes
Isotopes same elements that have the # of protons
:
same
·
-
but different # of neutrons .
me
# of make nucleus unstable
-increasing the neutrons in nucleus
might
EX) Hydrogen Carbon Iodine
·
·
·
3 naturally occurring isotopes of
H-carbon-14
-
is
naturally occurring isotope
E Is I
-
D of Carbon decays time
-
normal H which over
to become Carbon-12
-
iH WI IP ,
1 e ,
On
used in medicine
!)
-
& denterium (heavy hydrogen) ex -
6p ,
be ,
6n
IH w/ 1P half-life
-
-
1e 1n has a
,
!4)
,
& Tritium (rare & radioactivel
-
isotope 6p ,
be ,
on (time required for half of
~has
BH 1P 1e unstable nucleus it to
decay away (
-
2n
, ,
carbon all
dating living things absorve carbon from atmosphere & food certain
· : +
dies but the radioactive
amount of Carbon-14 .
When plant/animal , they stop absorbing ,
carbon that they've accumulated continues to decay .
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ykim02105. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $4.55. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
