The notes in this document are taken from Chapter 14 from the textbook Ways of the World made for the AP World History course. Topics covered include interactions between Europeans and Asians, Fur Commerce, and the Atlantic Slave Trade.
Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources - AP World History - Unit 6: Chapters 18 and 19
Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources - AP World History - Unit 5: Chapters 16 and 17
WHAP Chapter 15 Textbook Notes
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Ways of the World Chapter 14: Economic Transitions
Europeans and Asian Commerce
Indian Ocean Trade
o “Discovery”
1st trip made by Portuguese Vasco De Gama (1497-1499)
Went around Africa to Calicut in 1498
o Motivation
Tropic spices – cinnamon, nutmeg, pepper, etc.
Chinese silk, Indian cotton, gemstones, etc.
Rebuilding Europe after the Black Death
Disliked relying on Muslim middle-men for Eastern goods
Portuguese Empire of Commerce
o Portuguese advantage
Had stronger naval force than Asian forces in Indian Ocean
Cannons onboard could counter attacks from land
Established bases in Mombasa, Hormuz, Goa, Malacca, Macau
o Portuguese establishment
Created “trading post empire” that aimed to control commerce
Tried to require all merchant vessels to buy “cartaz” pass and pay 6%-
10% of their cargoes
Failed to dominate Indian Ocean trade, hence trying to sell shipping
services or dissolved into Eastern culture
Spain and the Philippines
o The Philippines
1st encounter by Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese sailor for Spain
All islands were culturally different
o Spanish establishment
Proximity to China and Spice Islands, weak societies, no competing claims
made the Philippines very attractive
Conquest and colonization done by small military operations, local
alliances, gifts and favours to chief, etc.
o Spanish occupation
Introduction of Christianity created clash with Islam
Natives forced to live in concentrated communities
Rise of taxes, tribute, and unpaid labour
Land estates owned by rich emerged
Filipinos reacted with short revolts, flight to interior mountains
o Manila
New capital of colonial Philippines, culturally diverse
Home for Spanish settlers, officials, Filipino migrants
Essential element for relations with China, but Chinese resistance to
conversion earned them expulsions and massacres
East India Companies
o Rise of the Dutch and English (Early 1600s)
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