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Microbiology, chapter 1, The Microbial world and you
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TheMicrobial
World
and
You
Chapter
1
1.
Microbes
in
our
lives
a.
Microorganisms
are
organisms
that
are
too
small
to
be
seen
with
the
unaided
eye
b.
Microbes
include
bacteria,
fungi,
Protozoa,
microscopic
algae,
and
viruses.
c.
A
few
are
pathogenic
(disease-producing)
d.
Decompose
organic
waste
e.
Generate
oxygen
by
photosynthesis
f.
Produce
chemical
products
such
as
ethanol,
acetone,
and
vitamins
g.
Produce
fermented
foods
such
as
vinegar ,
cheese,
and
bread
h.
Produce
products
used
in
manufacturing
(e.g.,
cellulose)
and
disease
treatment
(e.g.,
insulin)
i.
Knowledge
of
microorganisms
allows
humans
to
i.
Prevent
food
spoilage
ii.
Prevent
disease
iii.
Understand
causes
and
transmission
of
disease
to
prevent
epidemics
2.
The
Microbiome
a.
An
adult
human
is
composed
of
30
trillion
body
cells
i.
Harbors
another
40
trillion
bacterial
cells
b.
The
microbiome
is
a
group
of
microbes
that
live
stably
on/in
the
human
body
i.
Help
to
maintain
good
health
ii.
Can
prevent
growth
of
pathogenic
microbes
iii.
May
help
train
the
immune
system
to
discriminate
threats
c.
Normal
microbiota
is
the
collection
of
acquired
microorganisms
on
or
in
a
healthy
human
being
i.
Begin
to
be
acquired
as
newborns
ii.
May
colonize
the
body
indefinitely
iii.
May
colonize
the
body
fleetingly
(making
them
transient
microbiota)
d.
Colonization
can
only
occur
at
body
sites
that
provide
nutrients
and
the
right
environment
for
the
microbes
to
flourish
e.
The
Human
Microbiome
Project
i.
Begun
in
2007 ii.
Goal
of
determining
the
makeup
of
typical
microbiota
of
various
areas
of
the
body
iii.
Secondary
goal
of
understanding
relationship
between
changes
in
microbiome
and
human
diseases
f.
The
National
Microbiome
Initiative
(NMI)
i.
Begun
in
2016
ii.
Explores
the
role
microbes
play
in
different
ecosystems
3.
Naming
and
classifying
microorganisms
a.
Carolus
Linnaeus
established
the
system
of
scientific
nomenclature
in
1735
b.
Each
organism
has
two
names:
the
genus
and
the
specific
epithet
4.
Nomenclature
a.
Scientific
names
i.
Are
italicized
or
underlined
b.
The
genus
is
capitalized;
the
specific
epithet
is
lowercase
i.
Are
“Latinized”
and
used
worldwide
ii.
May
be
descriptive
or
honor
a
scientist
c.
Escherichia
coli
i.
Honors
the
discoverer ,
Theodor
Escherich
ii.
Describes
the
bacterium's
habitat—the
large
intestine,
or
colon
d.
Staphylococcus
aureus
i.
Describes
the
clustered
(
staphylo
-)
spherical
(
coccus
)
cells
ii.
Describes
the
gold-colored
(
aureus
)
colonies
e.
After
the
first
use,
scientific
names
may
be
abbreviated
with
the
first
letter
of
the
genus
and
the
specific
epithet:
i.
Escherichia
coli
and
Staphylococcus
aureus
are
found
in
the
human
body
ii.
E.
coli
is
found
in
the
large
intestine,
and
S.
aureus
is
on
skin
5.
Types
of
Microorganisms
a.
Bacteria
b.
Archaea
c.
Fungi
d.
Protozoa
e.
Algae
f.
Viruses
g.
Multicellular
Animal
Parasites
6.
Bacteria
a.
Prokaryotes
i.
“Prenucleus”
b.
Single-celled
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