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NR283 Patho Exam 2 Study Guide (New-2023)/ NR 283 Patho Exam 2 Study Guide / NR283 Exam 2 Study Guide / NR 283 Exam 2 Study Guide: Chamberlain College of Nursing
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NR283 Exam 2 Study Guide (New-2023)/ NR 283 Exam 2 Study Guide/ NR283 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Study Guide / NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Study Guide: Chamberlain College of Nursing NR283 Patho Exam 2 Study Guide (New-2023)/ NR 283 Patho Exam 2 Study Guide / NR283 Exam 2 Study Guide / NR 283 Exam 2...

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  • August 21, 2023
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1

, 3. stratum lucidum 6. Stratum basale



 Keratinocytes- keratin

 Melanocytes- melanin

* Vitiligo- autoimmune related loss of melanocytes; depigmentation of patches of skin



 Langerhan cells- present processed antigen to T- cells

 Merkel cells- function as slowly adapting mechoreceptors



 DERMIS

1. deeper layer, true skin

2. collagen, elastin, reticulum, and a gel-like ground substance

3. hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves

4. Fibroblast- secrete collagen

5. mast cells- release histamine

6. macrophages- phagocytic immune cells

*Histocytes- loose connective tissue; phagocytize pigments and debris of inflammation



 SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER

1. fat cell or adipocytes and connective tissue

2.dermal collagen is continuous w/ the subcutaneous collagen

3. macrophages, fibroblast, fat cells, nerves, fine muscles, blood vessels, lymphatics, and

hair root follicles

, DERMAL APPENDAGES

1. hair, nails

2. Sebaceous glands- secrete sebum

3. Eccrine sweat glands- thermoregulate and cool the body through evaporation

4. Apocrine sweat glands – limited function



 Blood supply and innervation

1. papillary capillaries provide a rich supply of blood

2. sympathetic nervous system regulates vasoconstriction and vasodilation through a-

adrenergic receptors



 PRIMARY LESIONS

1. Macule- flat, circumscribed area that a change in the color of skin (freckles, measles)

2. wheal- transient lesion w/ well defined and often changing borders caused by edema of

the dermis ( insect bites, allergic reactions)

3. Papule- elevated, firm, and circumscribed area, measures less than 1 cm (warts)

4. Pustule- elevated, superficial lesion, filled with fluid ( acne, impetigo)



 SECONDARY LESIONS

1. Excoriation- loss of epidermis, linear, hollowed, crusted (scabies, scratches)

2. Fissure- linear crack or break from the epidermis to the dermis, maybe moist and dry

(athlete’s foot)

, 3. Erosion- loss of a part of the epidermis, depressed area, moist, glisten, rupture of a

vesicle or bulla (chicken pox, diaper dermatitis)

4. Ulcer- loss of epidermis and dermis, concave, varies in size (pressure sore)

5. pressure ulcer- result of an unrelieved pressure on skin, causing underlying tissue

damage

* shearing forces, friction, moisture

* occlude capillary blood flow w/ resulting ischemia and necrosis

* STAGE 1 – nonblanchable erythema of intact skin

* STAGE 2- partial thickness, skin loss, involves epidermis or dermis

* STAGE 3- full thickness, skin loss, involving damage or subcutaneous tissue

* STAGE 4- Full thickness, skin loss w/ damage to muscle, bone, or supporting

structures



 Decubitis ulcer- results when an individual lies or sits in one position for an extended

period of time



 Dermatitis or Eczema

1. most common

2. characterized by pruritus, lesions w/ distinct borders, epidermal changes

3. Chronic eczema- thickened, lethargy, hyperpigmented skin from recurrent irritation

and scratching



 Psoriasis- chronic, relapsing, proliferative skin disorder

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