Ophthalmology (Medical School Finals Summary Notes)
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Course
Medicine
Institution
The University Of Liverpool (UoL)
This is a summary PowerPoint of the ophthalmological conditions taught for medical school finals. Each condition has its own section which follows a standardised layout: pathophysiology (where applicable), presentation/symptoms, investigations, management then any additional information.
,Diabetic Retinopathy
• Commonest cause of blindness in adults aged 35-65
• Usually asymptomatic = found in annual diabetic eye screening
• Due to hyperglycaemia which causes
• Endothelial cell dysfunction leading to increased vascular permeability exud
• Pericyte dysfunction microaneurysms
• Neovascularisation due to retinal ischaemia
• Risk factors
• Longer duration / younger-onset diabetes
• Poor glycaemic control
• Hypertension
• Hyperlipidaemia
, Diabetic Retinopathy:
Classification
• Background retinopathy
• Microaneurysms
• Dot and blot haemorrhages
• Exudates
• Non-proliferative
• Dense haemorrhages
• Hard exudates
• Cotton wool spots (from retinal infarction)
• Venous beading/looping
• Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities
• Proliferative = retinal neovascularisation
• Can cause vitreous haemorrhage or tractional retinal detachment
• Maculopathy
• Macular oedema that can happen at any stage
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