Geography AQA GCSE
All content in the first third of Paper two Content.
Everything you need to know about Changing economic Worlds, with adequate detail.
Includes case studies and visual guides.
LDC- least developed country
LICs- low income countries
NEEs- newly emerging economies
HICs- high income countries
Quality of life evaluates the general well-being of individuals and societies. It is a qualitative
measure: it is not easily measured and many factors link to human rights.
Brant line (created by Willie Brant, leader of
Germany 1980)
+ Simple
- Assumes equal wealth
- Incorrect at time
- Highly out of date
Human Development index (HDI)
Best measure of development- scale from 0-1- allows you to see how countries are changing
Accounts for life expectancy, literacy rate, GNI/ DP, and ranks all countries from 1-0
GNI- gross national income
Per capita- allows you to effectively compare countries of different sizes, but also assumes
equal wealth of all individuals.
Gross Domestic Product- The market value of all the services and products produced in that
country in one year, Measured in US dollars.
+ Gives a clear comparison between countries
+ Shows that a country can become richer each year
- Does not show quality of life or actual wealth of the average person
- Does not take volunteer work into account
Gross National Happiness- measure of happiness by numerous social factors
+ Gives an overview of views f the general populous
+ Takes into account of effects of humans on the environment
- Very hard to quantify
- Not comparable because different countries use different Qs and parameters
Social meaSURES:
- Literacy rates- % of population who can read + write equivalent to the average 10 yr old
- Birth rates- number of live births per 1000 of the population per year
- Death rates- number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year
- Life expectancy- How long the average person is expected to live from birth
- Infant mortality rate- % of children who die before 4th birthday
- Fertility rate- average number of children per woman
- Access to clean water- % of the population who have access to clean safe water.
These indicators of wealth have limitations; they are averages that assume equal development
across an area, and don’t account for variation or large informal sectors, common in LICs.
Corrupt governments prevent development as money isn’t invested in the people.
, Richer countries have fewer babies because
- female empowerment- more women in education
- The longer in education, the later the first child
- The median age of 1st child is over 30 years old.
- Children are expensive £215,000+ (0-21 yrs old)
- Don't need kids
- Social acceptance of different lifestyle
Physical causes of poverty and development inequalities:
- Landlocked countries have no seaborne trade, reducing economic growth
- Climate related diseases and pests- affects the ability to have a healthy, working population.
- Climate- Floods and droughts prevent investments in health and education
- Extreme weather slows development and can be costly to repair damages
- Unsafe weather- poor health, limits farming, can take hours to walk to water
- Relief of the land- Bhutan, Himalayan mountains struggles to grow crops as of poor soil +
temp
Economic causes of poverty and development inequalities:
- Unstable governments- lack of investment in healthcare/ education, slowing development
- Corruption- deters foreign investors, no investment in healthcare/ education
- Conflict- investments in military, destroyed infrastructure, no investment in healthcare/
education
- trade- Rich countries and large international companies pay minimum for raw materials and
sell them for significantly more. This means poor countries stay poor and rich countries get
richer, widening the gap between rich and poor.
Political causes of poverty and development inequalities:
- Poor trade links- reduces value of exports, reduced income= no investment in the people
- Debt- income goes towards paying debt and interest instead of development
- Primary products- have a low value as low level skill are required, and so reduces revenue,
slowing development
Social causes of poverty and development inequalities:
- Hygiene- unsafe drinking water causes disease and lowers quality of life. It puts strain on
medical facilities, and lowers the skill of the workforce.
- Woman’s place in society- equality means more women can work, developing quality of life
and more contribution to the economy
- Child education levels- higher quality education means better jobs, improving quality of life and
more money to spend on development.
Demographic transition model - Simplified change in age/sex of a population. How birth rate and
death rate affect the total population. There are five stages; most LEDCs are 2/3 , and more
developed countries are 4/5 e.g. Germany is 5. Traditional, and isolated tribal communities are
in stage 1.
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