Complete Notes to Essential Human Biology: Cells and Tissues MOOC
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Course
Essential Human Biology
Institution
PEARSON (PEARSON)
During my complete attendance to the MOOC course named "Essential Human Biology: Cells and Tissues", hosted by the University of Adelaide, I have taken a set of comprehensive notes on the basic anatomy of a cell, and the characteristics and functions of the 4 types of human tissue: connective, musc...
tro 8-partiesare
Cell:The smallest, basic life
unitof thatis responsible for all oflife's 0
0
processes.
Itpartial Oft
+ re
-> >200 types in human differentiated specialised. charge
The phosphate head is hydrophillicit polar), and the lipid fails are
* basic features:1. boundary) hydrophobic non-polar). Water
polar, so any aqueous is
3
plasma membrane
ct
dexternal substance will be attracted to the
polar head, buti s repelled
by the non-polar tail. Therefore, this is a semi-permeable
2. that
contains
Inner cytoplasms organelles membrane as
only small and uncharged particles, like CO2
and
3. central nucleus thatcontains DNA
02) can pass through the membrane, whereas larger
and polar particles require assistance when
travelling
membrane -> semi-permeable through.
* water can diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer because iti s small, even
a
though iti s
polar.
phospholipid bilayer with proteins
properties 1. all made of
a
found
a straightthrough by osmosis, or
through channel proteins called
aquaporins (selectively control water movements
in
epithelial
2. all surround a cell cell 2 only allowing passage of water butnot ions
1. cone ions will be 0 -> many transportp rocesses thatrely
grad of
3, of
material ofcell
electrochemical gradientwould fail)
on an
all regulate movement into and out 2. require lots ofe nergy to maintain cone grad of ions > respiration
heads
18
polar,substancethe polar
A structure:2
epholipid
molecules
layers
of
ren
~> can dissolve
in water
a type oflipid top (outside) outer plasma
aremast
-
I
C3H803
-
2 long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains Ho
*- ot
linked to a
hydrophillic water loving
phosphate head, with proteins embedded in
them ↳> N 10% of cells, -50% ofweight integral
now,Polar
-
protein ->
↳
aquaporin
Phospholipid bilayer c for waters
within plasma
2
proteins integral/transmembrane protein
1. Integral =>
large proteins thatspan the entire thickness of plasma membrane ↑
↳> can't
easily be removed, carrier protans channel proteins enzymes
+ +
2. Peripheral => small proteins found on either the inner or the outer surface ofp.m.
->
loosely attached, easily removed. Surface antigens receptors +
proteinsnewrenames,transport, carrier,attachmentmotor,
Mane
marker RETCAmem
↳ e.g. insulin hormone birds with IR the cell surface, which triggers
↳
on a
of
response inside the cell
-
* specific for one chemical signal
2. Enzymes:proteins thatincrease the rate of chemical reactions on
either inner surface ofthe plasma membrane
the outer or
withoutgetting used
up
3. Transport:proteins thatextend from one surface of the plasma membrane to the other, more ions (K+, Na")
-
channel/gated channel (e.g. open when electric current passed through
4. Carrier:proteins thatbird to molecules glucose and amino acids) and
(e.g.
transportor carry them from one side of the plasma membrane
to another side
↳> change shape, reversible,
hange.
3. Attachment:Proteins thatallow cells to attach to one another or to extracellular molecules outside ofthe
cell or to intracellular proteins inside ofthe call
* cadherins:proteins attach cells to each other
that
Integrins:a pair proteins
of thatattack calls to extracellular molecules
6. Motor:proteins thatproduce in
movement cells that crawl around
a
body (e.g. defense calls)
↳ A occurs
cell movement when filamentous molecules in the
cytoplasm (antine
myosins pull on the motor
molecules in the plasma membrane
to their surface
7. Marker:proteins with carbohydrates or
sugare attached
I
="cell identity specific
markers" ->
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