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Quarter 4 Lesson 1 Science Periodical Test Reviewer
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Science 8 reviewer for quarterly exam. Covers lesson from start to end of biodiversity, and genetics by gregor mendel.
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Quarter 4 Lesson 1 Science ReviewerBiodiversity - coined from the words “biological diversity”. It describes how varied
living things are in a certain area - plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms as
well as the community they form and the habitat they are living in.
Organisms are part of biodiversity; their produce are a source of food, medicine,
clothing, shelter and energy. They also play an important role in sustaining
balance in the ecosystem.
Species group of organisms makes a population with the basic unit
The loss of one species affects other species in an ecosystem. It can cause an
ecological imbalance that affects the function and the interrelation of living
things.
Genetic diversity - the difference in the genetic composition of each organism e.g.
the same species but they differ in the variety of their genes.
Ecosystem diversity - kinds of places where organisms live and the
interconnections that bind these organisms together.
Species diversity - different kinds of organisms e.g. dragonflies, sunflowers, dogs
are all different species. group of organisms that can reproduce
Species diversity - the difference within species or difference between similar
species. It is the fundamental unit of diversity. It is an individual not a class. It
will take long enough to develop another trait if a group of individuals remains
isolated from the rest of its species. It reflects the richness and evenness of
abundance of species in a certain place. High diversity places consist of
numerous kinds of species. Low diversity places may be highly populated but may
not be diverse. The more variety of species in a place, the more diverse it is.
Domain - largest category into which organisms are classified.
Recently, prokaryotes have been divided into two domains namely: Archaea and
Eubacteria. The eukaryotic group was retained and includes the protists, fungi,
plants, and animals.
Kingdom - taxonomic rank after domain.
Here are the six-kingdom classification: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protist,
Fungi, Plant, and Animal kingdoms.
A phylum consists of different classes. Each class has several orders, and each
order has different families.
A Family consists of several genera (sing. genus), with each genus being
composed of the smallest group of various species.
, Scientific names are written either italicized (e.g., Panthera leo) or underlined
(e.g., Panthera leo), with only the first letter of the genus written in uppercase.
Organisms are classified to understand the relationships between them.
Scientists classify organisms based on the three systems: artificial, natural, and
phylogenetic systems of classification. Phylogenetic - relating to the evolutionary
development, history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms.
Carolus Linnaeus - the Father of Botany, the scientific study of plants, including
their structure and economic importance. He was the first to name and classify
plants and other organisms.
Archaea Domain: Kingdom Archaebacteria
Organisms of this kingdom are all microscopic. Archaebacteria has no nucleus
and even organelles. Their genetic materials float freely in cytoplasm. They live
and settle in diverse places, some even in the most extreme environments.
Methanogens can survive in places where there is little to no oxygen, like the
digestive tracts of animals and ponds. An important characteristic of this group
is they produce methane gas. Halophiles are adapted to very salty environments.
Examples of halophiles are Haloccocus dombrowski and Halobacterium salinarum.
Thermophiles can live in places with high temperatures. These include volcanic
hot springs with temperatures from 80 to 110˚C.
Bacteria Domain: Kingdom Eubacteria
Members of Eubacteria are unicellular and microscopic. They do not have true
nucleus and organelles and are regarded as the true bacteria. Their cell walls
are made of peptidoglycan, the basic unit of the cell wall in bacteria, which
confers mechanical rigidity to the cell, protects the cytoplasmic membrane and
determines the cell form. Members of Domains Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
are called prokaryotes because they lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles.
Pimples - Propionibacterium acnes
Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Leptospirosis- Leptospira interrogans
Anthrax - Bacillus anthracis
Streptomycin - treat tuberculosis and pneumonia
Pneumonia - Streptomyces griseus
Streptomyces Venezuelae - produce chloramphenicol
E. coli - large intestine, feeds on partially digested food, can produce poison
causing diarrhea, kidney damage and death
Cocci - any spherical or roughly spherical bacterium.
Bioremediation - process of breaking down or removing pollutants
Cyanobacteria - single-celled, plant;ike that grows in ditches, or moist places like
gardens, and side walls, they form filaments and sometimes spores
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