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NUR 650 CHAPTER 13 TEST RATED 100 % CORRECT
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NUR 650 CHAPTER 13 TEST RATED 100 % CORRECT
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ESTUDY CHAPTER 13 NUR 650 TEST RATED 100 % CORRECT Cancers are caused by - ANSWER environmental -lifestyle and genetic factors. Environmental factors and lifestyle behaviors contribute to a - ANSWER very large number of cancer cases. Biologically, cancer is driven by - ANSWER genetic alterations and changes in epigenetic regulation. Different combinations of - ANSWER mutations and epigenetic changes are found in different types of cancer. Avoiding high -risk behaviors and - ANSWER exposures to individual carcinogens, or cancer -causing substances, will prevent many types of cancer. Investigators are con necting the intricate web between - ANSWER genotype, phenotype, high -risk lifestyle behaviors, the environment, and carcinogenesis. ESTUDY Interacting factors that influence cancer risk include - ANSWER detoxifying enzymes, DNA repair genes, immune/infla mmation systems, and the cell's immediate environment. The cell's biologic environment is modified by - ANSWER metabolic requirements, physical activity, infections, nutrition, carcinogens, air pollution, and many other environmental factors. Cancer development and progression involve the - ANSWER tissue microenvironment or stroma. The microenvironment participates in a complex signaling process that - ANSWER facilitates tumor promotion and metastases because stromal tissue has immune cells. Chronic inflammation from infiltrating immune cells can be caused by numerous - ANSWER environmental factors, for example, inhaling tobacco smoke. Cancer development in the presence of chronic inflammation involves the continuous presence of - ANSWER cytokines, ROS, COX -2, 5-LOX, MMPs, and essential transcription factors (e.g., NF -κB). ESTUDY Cancer is reported to become a major cause of - ANSWER morbidity and mortality in the coming decades in all regions of the world. Data for the United S tates from 2003 to 2012 showed incidence of 7 of the 17 more common cancers in men - ANSWER decreased and overall incidence stayed close to the same for women. The decline in lung cancer corresponded to a decrease in - ANSWER tobacco use. Cancer incidence, however, increased among people ages - ANSWER 0 to 19 years. In all racial and ethnic populations, men had about a - ANSWER threefold higher liver cancer incidence than women. Death rates continued to decrease for - ANSWER men, women, and children.The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
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