This resource is a full set of revision notes on the CCEA A2 topic of tourism. It includes subtopics such as growth of international tourism, reasons for growth, global patterns of tourism, impacts of tourism, pleasure periphery, Butler model, challenges and management of mass tourism, pollution, o...
Tourism- travel for pleasure and promo on and provision of services for tourists. It operates at a local, regional and
interna onal scale.
• Interna onal tourists are referred to as arrivals or incoming tourists in des na on country and outbound tourists
from home country
• Dura on ranges from one day to max 1 year with majority being 7-14 days. If domes c tourism, then visit is within
country of origin. If interna onal, an interna onal boundary is crossed
• It has been growing at 6% each year and est largest industry in world, in terms of employment in 2000. World
Tourism Organiza on calculated worldwide revenue from tourism in 1996 to have been £268 billion increased by
more than 50% in just 5 years
• Many types of tourism including: leisure tourism/ recrea on, business tourism, visi ng friends and rela ves, religious
pilgrimage, health tourism and sport.
• Recrea onal tourism is main reason for increases in tourism accoun ng for over 50% of interna onal tourism. In
2015 most popular form of tourism was leisure, recrea on and holidays at 53%. The most common form of travel in
2015 was air at 54%
• Tourism has economic impacts and interna onal tourism is one of largest export industries. It is an export because it
brings foreign money into receiving country. Interna onal tourism receipts grew to $1.03 trillion in 2011 increase of
3.8% from 2010. Interna onal tourist arrivals surpassed 1 billion tourists globally for 1st me in 2012.
• Globally tourism exports account for 30% of world’s exports of commercial services ranking 4th a er fuels, chemicals
and motor vehicles.
• It creates new jobs in: service sector (waiters, check-out desks, shop assistants), construc on work (builders,
quan ty surveyors, architects) food processing (baker, shmonger, shop manager), transport (trains/ bus drivers,
cket o cers)
3 major changes: increase in no. Of tourists, increase in distance travelled by tourists, increase in range and diversity of
holiday types e.g. seaside, skiing, ecotourism, adventure etc.
Growth of interna onal tourism
Modern tourism began in the 19th C but remained privilege of wealthy un l 1960s. Major social and economic changes
occurred which enabled more to avail of travel for leisure and many were interna onal tourists. The increases in 1960s
marked beginning of mass tourism- large numbers of people visi ng holiday des na ons and visits usually con ned to a
few weeks in a year.
In 1950 there were approx 25 million interna onal tourists, rising gradually to 80 million in 1960 with almost 1.2 billion
tourist arrivals in 2015, predicted to reach 1.8 billion by 2030.
Reasons for growth
1. Development in transport
E cient and a ordable transport is essen al requirement for mass tourism. In 19th C relied on rail and sea transport
con ning tourists to local loca ons e.g. Bangor, Newcastle Co. Down linked by rail to Belfast. The development in air
travel in 1960s contributed to mass tourism in following ways:
• The increase in a ordable air travel meant more people from wide socioeconomic base could travel
• Mass tourism was concentrated on well developed, accessible des na ons due to increased availability of airport
facili es abroad
• The introduc on of chartered ights associated with package holidays provided a ordable air travel and increased
interna onal holidays.
In Uk these developments in air travel coincided with increased disposable income and leisure me. As result
interna onal trips from Uk doubled in 1960s and 70s. Main des na ons included north America and Mediterranean
seaside resorts in Spain.
The development of regional airports (Luton, Stansted, George Best City Airport) and budget airlines (Ryanair, easyjet)
brought further increases in number of interna onal trips as o ered cheap ights to popular loca ons. In 1996 there
were 12 ‘no frills’ airlines. By 2006 increased to 150. Visits abroad for Uk residents increased from 31.2 million in 1990 to
53.9 million in 1999, 73% increase In 1996 there were 10 regional airports. By 2006 increased to 35.
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, Other forms of transport contributed. Britain has several well developed ferry routes which provide easy access to
con nental europe. Channel tunnel opened in 1994 transported 1.8 million overseas residents home from visi ng UK
and 1.9 million UK residents back to UK in 1st full year. By end of decade nearly 9 million visits were completed through
tunnel.
2. Increase in disposable income
Holidays are expensive luxury e.g. in 2016 2 week stay at budget hotel in Spain for Uk family of 4 cost £4,000 with
addi onal spending required when there. To a ord this families need to have this amount of money surplus to everyday
needs. This surplus is referred to as disposable income.
Disposable income- income remaining a er taxa on and na onal insurance contribu ons been deducted from workers
wage.
Income- wages earned plus any pro ts from investments, savings or private pensions.
• Apart from uctua ons during periods of economic recession in 1990 and 2008-2013, mean disposable income has
more than doubled from 1977- present. This means families can be er a ord luxuries e.g. holidays
• Credit card payments became increasingly popular from 1970s as easy way of obtaining short term loan= boos ng
holiday sales
• In addi on workers have greatly improved working condi ons. Government legisla on guarantees workers paid
holiday me o work and has enabled workers to have at least one annual break away from home Higher income
groups can a ord several holidays away from home each year.
3. Package holidays
• O er complete holiday deal including transport, accommoda on and recrea onal ac vi es organized by tour
operators and sold by travel agents
• In Uk 1940s-1950s a number of a ordable domes c package holidays provided by companies e.g. Butlins but it was
package holidays to meditarranean coasts from 1960s that became key driving force for mass tourism, where large
numbers of tourists are concentrated in a few well developed holiday resorts usually con ned to a short peak
season. In 1990s 56% of all foreign holidays were purchased as package deal.
• Birth of package holidays can be traced back to Thomas cook when he organised 1st package holiday from Leicester
to Loughborough in 1841. Several years later he organised rst interna onal package deal to Europe. In 2015 Thomas
Cook was one of world’s leading travel agents with over 22,000 employed in 17 countries, 22 million customers, 93
aircra s all opera ng in 21 countries. The net income was £19 million.
• In pre-internet era, package companies were main source of foreign holidays. It removed many of the obstacles to
interna onal travel e.g. language barriers. The all-in deal means tourists have li le to plan before or during the
hospital e.g. ights, transport, accomoda on. Travel agents and tour companies were able to o er holidays at
compe ve prices within reach of many but since then there has been increase in alterna ve ways of booking
holidays through use of internet.
Why does size and scope of tourist industry vary between countries?
Global pa erns of tourism
2017 was known as interna onal year for sustainable tourism for development. Tourism has targeted SDG14- life below
water, SDG12- responsible consump on and produc on and SDG8- decent work and economic growth
There was 46 m increase in ITA from 2015-2016, 7 years consecu ve growth 2013-2019. In 2016 Europe had 50% share
(615 m), Asia Paci c had 25% share (308 m) while middle east had 4% share (54m) of 1,235 m tourist arrivals
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, Posi ve social and economic impacts of tourism
Tourism is one of the world’s most successful and resilient economic sectors. In 2016 1 in 10 jobs were in tourism, made
up 10% of world’s GDP and 30% of services exports. However the bene ts of tourism are not evenly spread across the
world. America and Europe receive 60% of interna onal tourism receipts which Africa receive only 3%.
Posi ve social impacts
Indirect- those improvement designed for tourists but which also impact on local society e.g. improvements in
infrastructure (electricity cables, piped water, sewage systems), transporta on (roads, rail and airports), increase in
service provision (shops and ameni es)
Direct-include educa on and health programmes funded by tourism receipts especially in poorer des na ons
• Cultural exchange can be s mulated due to broadening of horizons and reduced prejudice between visitors and local
popula on. The culture of indigenous people might the protected due to tourist interest in them e.g. Nairobi, Kenya
where a museum highligh ng tribal history of country called the Bomas of Kenya can be visited
• Tourism o en allows for enhanced role for women in society. Their status can be increased as are involved in
providing for needs of tourists e.g. prepara on of cra and food products for sale to tourists
• Educa on will be improved directly through be er funding (increased income from tourists paying more taxes) and
indirectly through the contact that students and families have with interna onal travelers e.g. Himalayan Trust
(schools built due to tourist funds) providing opportuni es for development
• Travel to other countries encouraged. There tends to be more mobility and social integra on in countries where
tourism is growing. Many global hotel chains o er opportuni es for sta to go on placement to other hotels around
world
• Local services and infrastructure improved in order to cater for needs of tourists e.g. electricity, healthcare,
transport facili es, roads and airports. Also greater range of shops, restaurants and leisure services available leading
to enhanced quality of life for local people
E.g. Il N’Gwesi Ranch is a Maasai community of approx 8,000 people living on grasslands of Mt Kenya in N Kenya. Pro ts
from sucessful ecotourism project used to bring social improvements to local community
➢ Maasai children funded through primary and secondary educa on in area with low levels of schooling. Some have
con nued their educa on at university or college
➢ Health care provision enhanced through increased awareness of hygiene, safe waste disposal, disease transmission
including HIV/AIDS as well as training of health care workers within community.
➢ Many households given access to clean water by providing piped water to easy access points in local neighborhoods
and providing clean storage facili es for water in schools. Each household has been provided with toilet facili es. As
result, marked decrease in incidence of water borne diseases
➢ Women have been assisted in developing cra industry making jewelry for sale to tourists. Also been given loans to
further develop their enterprise and training in managing nances
Posi ve economic impacts
Development of tourism can lead to economic prosperity in a no. of ways. Job crea on is most obvious with one in 10
jobs associated with tourism. Jobs created fall into 2 categories:
Direct- consists of jobs which involved face to face contact with tourists such as hotel sta
Indirect- consists of jobs which supply tourists needs such as food processing or hotel furnishing
• Tourism in most cases increases GDP directly and contributes to the ‘mul plier e ect’ which brings more and more
‘hard currency’ into the country
• Taxes paid by tourists arriving into country, paying for accommoda on and services will increase revenue collected
by gov meaning they will have more money to pay for improvements for popula on as a whole
• Tourists coming from rich countries e.g. USA, UK and EU bring foreign currency with them that is converted into local
currency, giving banks in the country some hard currency that can help foreign exchange earnings
• Development of tourism in new area usually brings foreign investment as hotel chains, global food outlets and
leisure companies aim to get their own piece of any expansion
• Tourism provides well-paid seasonal and permanent jobs that can help improve amount of money an unskilled
worker might be able to achieve
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