Hi, the following documents are notes of IB Geography. The following documents are divided into 3, each covering each IB Geography examination paper - 1, 2 and 3 fully. The notes contain a full comprehensive examination of all components of the IB Geography syllabus. It is also that the notes were ...
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 3 REVISION GUIDE
Definitions
Foreign direct investment The investment by a company into the structures, equipment or
organizations of a foreign country. It does not include investment in shares of companies of other
countries.
Globalization The growing interdependence of countries worldwide through the increase volume and
variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and through
more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology.
Global village The idea that the world (globe) has been transformed into a village by the almost
instantaneous transmission of information facilitated by improvements in the ICT.
Offshoring The process by which firms move production overseas
Off sourcing When a firm obtains inputs such as skills and services from separately owned suppliers
instead of sourcing them internally
Superpower A nation or group of nations with a leading position in international politics
Glocalization Is a term that was invented to emphasize that globalization of a product is more likely to
succeed when the product or service is adapted specifically to each locality or culture it is marketed in
e.g.: presence of McDonald’s restaurant everywhere on the globe. Everywhere on the globe =
globalization and the changing menus of restaurant to appeal to the local tastes = glocalization
Transnational corporations (TNCs) Companies with branches in many parts of the world, e.g. coca cola,
apple, etc.
Core and periphery The concept of a developed core (advanced countries) surrounded by an
undeveloped periphery (developing countries). This concept can be applied at various scales – local,
national, regional or global.
Capital Cash or resources used to generate income by investing in a business or productive venture, in
the case of this topic, capital is used in the sense of financial capital that is used to generate wealth.
Remittance Money sent back home by migrants working in a foreign country.
Loan Money borrowed from an individual, government or organization repayable with interest over a
specific period of time.
Aid The transfer of resources at non-commercial rates by one country (donor) or organization to
another country (recipient)
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,Development aid Aid given by governments and other agencies to support socio-economic programmes
and policies in developing countries.
Debt Money owed by a country to another country or private creditor (Word bank, IMF, etc)
G7 Is a powerful group of HICs – The USA, France, Germany, Italy, UK, Japan, and Canada. That meets
annually to discuss matters such as the global economy, global governance, energy policy and
international security. It was G8 back till 2014, when Russia was kicked out due to the Russian activities
in Ukraine.
G20 It is an international assembly for the governments and central bank governors from 20 major
economies. It was established in 1999, to discuss policy issues related to global financial stability, it
includes 19 countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia,
Italy, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, The USA, and the UK, and
the EU. In addition, the G20’s guests are Spain, the chair of ASEAN, two African countries, and one that
is invited by the president of G20. Other people participate in the G20, including the chair of the IMF,
President of the World Bank, and the chair of the development assistance committee.
Civil Society Any organization or movement that works in the area between household, the private
sector and the state to negotiate matters of public concern. Civil societies include non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), community groups, trade unions, academic institutions and faith based
organizations.
Culture A system of shared meanings used by people who belong to the same community, group or
nation, to help them interpret and make sense of the world. These systems of meanings include
language, religion, custom and tradition, and the ideas about “place”
Cultural diffusion The spread of cultural ideas from their place of origin to other regions, groups or
nations.
Expansion diffusion Occurs when an idea develops in a source area, and spreads into other
areas while remaining strong at the source, e.g. spread of Islam from Saudi Arabia.
Relocation diffusion People who have adopted new ideas carry with them to a new location,
Christianity to Africa from Europe.
Cultural imperialism The practice of promoting the culture, values or language of one nation in another,
less powerful one.
Diaspora The forced or voluntary dispersal of any population sharing a common racial, ethnic, or
cultural identity, after leaving their settled territory and migrating to a new area.
Resource nationalism When a country decides to take all or a part of one or a number of natural
resources under state ownership.
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,Protectionism Any economic policy that limits trade between countries so as to protect trade in the
home country.
Affirmative action The economic policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group, It is sometimes
described as positive discrimination.
Distance decay effect The longer an idea takes and the further the distance it has to travel, the less
likely it has to be adopted in new areas.
Adopted of mass culture New cultural traits are taken in their entirety, perhaps abandoning old
traditions.
Adaptation/Adaption of mass culture – culture traits are modified so it can be accommodated within
the context of an existing culture.
Culture Hybridity – The extent to which different cultures are intermixed. Mixing of cultures can occur
through: migration, media, transport revolution, growth of global brands and even the internet.
Cultural traits – Characteristics of culture that gives a culture its sense of identity, what makes them
different from others.
Ethnicity The shared sense of belonging to one ethnic group or another, based on ancestral lineage or
cultural history
Cultural Diversity The difference in cultural characteristics that are manifested in a given culture.
Culture that are not diverse tend to be homogenous.
Americanization The imposition and adoption of US cultural traits and values at global scale
Atmospheric and ocean transfers The planetary-scale air and water movements that result from the
uneven heating of the Earth by the sun
Autocratic state A non-democratic country where political power is concentrated in the hands of one or
more people who may be unelected
Big Data Large information sets that may be analyzed using computers. Analysis of big data may reveal
new patterns, trends, associations, or risks that do not show as clearly is smaller-scale information and
studies.
Biometrics Physical characteristics that are unique to a person. This includes fingerprints, retail scans,
and information about a person’s face.
BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa are five countries whose economies are growing
rapidly in the early years of the 21st century.
Conflict Minerals Products of mining industries sourced from conflict zones whose production may have
involved slave labor.
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, Corporate Migration When a TNC changes its corporate identity, relocating its headquarters to a
different country.
Corporate Social Responsibility Recognizing that companies should behave in moral and ethical ways
towards people and places as part of their business model.
Crowdfunding Raising sums of money for a good cause or innovation by asking a large number of people
to donate a small amount each using an online platform.
Cultural landscape The distinctive character of a geographical place or region which has been shaped
overtime by a combination of physical and human processes.
Cyberespionage When computer hackers gain illegal access to confidential governmental or company
information
De-globalization A reduction in the intensity of some global interactions or the introduction of new
barriers to some global flows.
Disruptive Technology A technology which brings major changes to the way people live and work
instead of merely supporting and enhancing the current way things are done.
Economic sovereignty The freedom of a state from any outside intervention in its markets and trading
relationships. In reality, no state has complete economic sovereignty due to the complexities of world
trade and trading agreements
Ethnoscape A cultural landscape constructed by a minority ethnic group, such as migrant population.
Their culture is clearly reflected in the way they have remade the place where they live.
Expatriate Someone who has migrated to live in another state by remains a citizen of the state where
they were born
Financescape A modern landscape of tower blocks and offices that incorporates state-of the-art
architecture, and which is usually designed to impress by reaching greater heights than the surrounding
district.
Global middle class Globally, the middle class is defined as people with discretionary income they can
spend on consumer goods. Some organizations define the global middle class as people with annual
income of over 10K USD, while others use a benchmark of 10USD per day.
Crowdsourcing The process of sourcing ideas, services, funding or content from the public in order to
maximize the benefit of a large groups collective assets.
Cybercrime A crime in which a computer is the object of the crime or is used as a tool to commit an
offence
Cyber security The protection of information systems, hardware and software from theft or damage.
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