Know the three major eras of psychology. Which of these was most dominant during the height of its popularity? About what time periods were each of these eras the most important direction in psychology? Be able to match the psychologist with the school of thought in psychology they are known for (P...
know the three major eras of psychology which of these was most dominant during the height of its popularity about what time periods were each of these eras the most important direction in psycholog
PSY2012 final exam (100% correct answers)
Know the three major eras of psychology. Which of these was most dominant during the height of its popularity? About what time periods were each of these eras the most important direction in psychology? Be able to match the psychologist with the school of thought in psychology they are known for (Psychoanalysis; Freud, etc.). correct answers Mental Life (1879-1920)- Concerned with how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.
Important figures; Wilhelm Wundt (structuralism and functionalism), Edward Titchner (structuralism), William James (functionalism), and Sigmund Freud (psychoanalysis).
Behaviorism (1920-1960)- Concerned with how we learn observable responses.
Important figures; John B. Watson (classical conditioning) & B.F. Skinner (operant conditioning)
Cognitive Revolution (1960- present)- Concerned with how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
What are the different approaches in psychology (basic vs. applied). correct answers Basic Research & Basic Psychology- Working in a lab performing experiments. Characterized by writing papers and doing "pure" research. Seeks more long term goals. Applied Research & Applied Psychologists- Work in the field solving "practical" problems. Characterized by work that has immediate utility
What is the black box and how do each of the researchers and eras of psychology think about it? correct answers The black box is the mental processes that occur between receiving a stimulus and responding. Behaviorism is not concerned with the black box, while the mental life and cognitive movements try to uncover what happens in the black box.
hat is responsible for the transitions from one era of psychology to the next? correct answers The
emergence of new evidence or the inability of one movement to adequately answer important questions.
What is the constructivist aspect of human memory? correct answers Constructivism says that new memories are built upon past knowledge and schemas.
What are some of the memory fallacies and why do they occur? correct answers Context effect- That cognition and memory are dependent on context, such that out-of-context memories are more difficult to retrieve than in-context memories.
False memory A form of misattribution where imagination is mistaken for a memory.
Misinformation effect- Memory becoming less accurate because of interference from post-event information.
Primacy effect, Recency effect & Serial position effect- That items near the end of a sequence are the easiest to recall, followed by the items at the beginning of a sequence; items in the middle
are the least likely to be remembered Who is S.F.? Why is he important for memory research? correct answers S.F. began testing with an average intelligence and average memory capabilities. With the use of mnemonic strategies (practice sessions in the laboratory) he was able to increase his digit span from 7 to 79. This proved that memory could be improved and was not just an innate ability.
Is there a difference between short term and working memory? correct answers Short term memory holds a limited amount of information but this information is very accessible. Working memory stresses the processing and volitional control of information that is being held.
What is the difference between procedural and declarative memories? correct answers Declarative memory refers to facts/information that you can report or 'declare', e.g. recalling the capitol city of your country (semantic) or what you did yesterday (episodic).
Procedural memory typically refers to memory for skills and 'procedures', usually motor functions which you can't generally access/report verbally, e.g. a pianist cannot tell someone how
they play the piano (they can tell you what they are thinking and what their hands are doing, but they can't transfer their procedural memory to you through language).
What does 7 +/- 2 mean? correct answers 7 plus or minus 2 is the number of digits the average person can memorize at once.
Who was Ebbinghaus and what did he do? correct answers Hermann Ebbinghaus displayed the first experimental research about memory using random 3 letter combinations that subjects would memorize and repeat at a later time.
What is context in relation to memory and how might it enhance memory? correct answers The context in which you learn something is the context in which you will best recall something.
What are mnemonics and some of the examples of them? correct answers Mnemonics - memory aids and techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. (ex; acronyms, rhymes, songs, ect.)
What is the difference between good psychology and bad psychology? correct answers Good psychology has been tested and has evidence to support it. Bad psychology is often based on fallacies.
What is the scientific methods and how is it applied to psychology? correct answers 1) Develop a
Hypothesis
2) Perform a Controlled Test
3) Gather Data
4) Analyze the results and decide on your hypothesis
5) Publish, criticize, replicate
This method must be followed when testing hypothesis and developing theories in psychology.
What are some of the research approaches in psychology (case study, survey approach, etc.)? correct answers Case Study - Research typically involving one subject that aims to discover universal principles. Survey- Technique for obtaining self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a group, usually by questioning a representative group.
Naturalistic Observation- Observing a behavior in a natural setting. Involves minimal if any manipulation.
What is the difference between correlational and experimental research? How are the variables different? correct answers Correlational Research- A form of research in which the relationship between variables is studied, but without experimental manipulation of the independent variable.
Experimentation - A type of research used that manipulates factors to determine cause and effect.
Independent variable are manipulated in experimental research but not in correlational.
What is necessary to make something a true experiment? correct answers In a true experiment, subjects are randomly assigned to the treatment conditions (levels of the independent variable). The only differences in the groups would be due to chance.
Pay extra attention to the hippocampus and the amygdala. correct answers Hippocampus- belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation.
Amygdala- Fear and emotional memory.
Know how the brain is divided/organized and what each of these divisions is important for? correct answers Occipital lobe- vision
Temporal- hearing, emotions, and memory.
Frontal- complex reasoning and thought.
Parietal- touch
Are there right/left brain differences? What are they? correct answers Language, math, and science happen on the left brain, while emotions and spatial reasoning happen on the right.
What parts of the brain are important for language and why are they important? correct answers Broca's area- Speech production.
Wernicke's area- Speech comprehension.
What is brain plasticity? correct answers Brain plasticity, also known as neuroplasticity or cortical remapping, is a term that refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt as a result of experience.
What are the motor and somatosensory strips? correct answers The motor strip coordinates our bodily movements and the somatosensory strip coordinates that sensory data that comes up from all over the body.
How do drugs affect the brain? correct answers Drugs affect the brain by increasing or decreasing the amount of certain neurotransmitters in the brain.
Know how neurons communicate with each other. correct answers Neurons communicate through synapses, a brief electrical charge passed between two neurons.
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