BIOL 1020-002 Exam 2 Review Latest Updated 2022/2023
• ALL highlighted, bolded, or underlined Vocabulary words or key terms
• ALL specific examples of taxa used to identify key concepts or properties of life
• Chapter 6:
o Crossover with differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ...
• ALL highlighted, bolded, or underlined Vocabulary words or key terms
• ALL specific examples of taxa used to identify key concepts or properties of life
• Chapter 6:
o Crossover with differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells & the
difference between animal and plant cells; what features are present/absent
and define the organelles that differ between these cell types
▪ Basic features of all cells:
• Plasma membrane
• Semifluid substance called cytosol
• Chromosomes (carry genes)
• Ribosomes (make proteins)
▪ Prokaryotic cells: (bacteria and archaea)
• No true nucleus
• DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
• No membrane-bound organelles
• Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
▪ Eukaryotic cells: (plants, animals, fungi, and protists)
• DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a double membrane
• Membrane-bound organelles
• Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and the
nucleus
▪ Plant cells have a singular vacuole that is used for storage and
maintaining shape while animal cells have many smaller vacuoles, plant
cells also have a cell wall while animal cells do not
o What are the major components of the cell membrane; how is surface area
important for the membrane to the functions of the cell
▪ Plasma membrane: a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of
oxygen,
nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
• Only a certain amount of a particular substance can pass through
at any given moment
• Surface area to volume is critical
o What are the major structures of the cell’s cytoskeleton?
▪ Microtubules: hollow rods about 25nm in diameter and about 200 nm to
25 microns long (shape the cell, guide movement of organelles, and
separate chromosomes during cell division)
▪ Microfilaments: solid rods about 7nm in diameter, built as a twisted
double chain of actin subunits (help support cell shape, form a cortex just
,inside the plasma membrane)
, ▪ Intermediate filaments: range in diameter from 8 to 12 nanometers,
larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules (more
permanent cytoskeleton fixtures, support cell shape and fix organelles in
place)
o Motor proteins; “dynein”
▪ Motor proteins: to produce cell motility
▪ Dynein: has two feet that walk along microtubules, one foot maintains
contact while the other releases and reattaches one step farther along
o What are examples of specific cell features that are comprised of cytoskeletal
components
▪ Microtubules: control the beating of flagella and cilia
▪ Microfilaments: muscle cell contraction
▪ Intermediate filaments: dead skin cells and keratin
o What are the differences between the cytoskeletal components; ie.
Which of the three cytoskeletal components are the largest?
▪ Ordered from smallest to largest:
▪ Microfilaments
▪ Intermediate filaments
▪ Microtubules
o Centrosomes; centrioles; flagella and cilia; how is the cytoskeleton involved in
skeletal muscle contraction
▪ Centrosomes: what microtubules grow out from, near the nucleus for cell
division
▪ Centrioles: each has nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring
▪ Flagella/cilia: microtubule containing extensions that project from some
cells
▪ The cytoskeleton is involved in skeletal muscle contraction because it
interacts with motor proteins
o What is the extracellular matrix (ECM); what makes up the ECM; what are the
major roles in cell interactions of the ECM
▪ Extracellular matrix (ECM): since animal cells lack a cell wall it is covered by
this
• made up of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and
fibronectin
▪ Major role: binds to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called
integrins
o What are tight junctions; gap junctions; desmosomes
▪ Tight junctions: membranes of neighboring cells are pressed
together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
▪ Desmosomes: (anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets
▪ Gap junctions: (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic
channels between adjacent cells
• Chapter 7:
o How does selective permeability function in the plasma membrane?
▪ Selective permeability: allowing some substances to cross the plasma
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