unit 11 genetics and genetic engineering all criteria unit 11 assignment 2 with distinction received
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Applied Science 2016 NQF
Unit 11 - Genetics and Genetic Engineering
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Moreen Mero BTEC Applied Science L3 Unit 11 Assignment 2 2020/2021
Garlic cell division under microscope experiment:
An extracted garlic roots under the microscope, observing the garlic cell division stages.
An experiment is being carried out, on garlic roots, to see
Garlic root hair cell under the
microscope with the magnification
x.60
A scientific drawing of mitosis stages and meiosis stages.
Updated, WHC: June 2017
, Moreen Mero BTEC Applied Science L3 Unit 11 Assignment 2 2020/2021
The process of cell division in eukaryotic cells:
The cell is the smallest self-replicating unit of life, that exists as a functional independent unit. And the main
focus of this assignment is to discuss how the cell divide, in two processes Meiosis & Mitoses, concerning the
structure and function of chromosomes.
First of all, why does the cell divide? The cell divides to grow and repair our body, and reproduce, to create a
new living organism. The growth and repair part are for the cell division which is called Mitosis (Any cell
apart from sex cells). And, the reproduction part is for Meiosis, which is the cell division of our sex cells (Egg
& Sperm).
Chromosomes: in Humans
In the nucleus, inside the cell, there are 46 individual chromosomes (or 23 pairs),
these chromosomes are very long DNA molecules, that hold our genetic information.
When the cell divides, Chromatin; the very long double-stranded helical structure DNA,
needs to be packaged into chromosome structure, in order for the cell to divide, the DNA
must be coiled in an organized structure, as it is easier and less difficult during cell division.
This structure of chromosomes helps to ensure that DNA is wrapped tightly around the
proteins, as DNA molecules would be extremely large and tangled inside of the cell during
division. Also, to have the same amount of DNA in both the original and the newly formed
cells, reproductive cells need to have the correct number of chromosomes to function
properly.
The photograph shows the chromosomes in a process
or test called Karyotype; which determines the
complement of chromosomes in an individual,
includes the number, any unusuality, and the complete
set of chromosomes in a living individual.
Sister chromatids; identical chromosome copies
that are formed by DNA replication.
p arms; the short arms.
This photograph shows how DNA packaging occurs.
Chromatids are a packaged DNA into chromosome structure, the two chromatid Centromere; where
copies are joined together by the centromere, which also help them separate the two chromatids
from each other during cell division. The chromosomes have telomeres, which are held together.
protect the end of the chromosome from any damage or deterioration, or from
fusion with fusion with other chromosomes. The upper arms of the
chromosome are called p arms, are the shorter arms, and the downward arms q arms; the long arms
are the q arms, which are the larger and longer arms.
In humans, each cell contains a set of 46 individual chromosomes, or 23 pairs,
except for the sex cells, which they contain 23 individual chromosomes.
All the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes, are called Autosomes. The DNA molecule;
sex chromosomes determine the gender of an individual. XX for the female, inside the
and XY for the male. chromosome is
DNA formed into a
compact structure
by proteins that
Telomers; nucleotide called histones.
sequences, at the end of
each chromosome.
These are the sex chromosomes.
Every other chromosome apart
of the sex chromosomes, are References// Wikipedia
autosomes.
Updated, WHC: June 2017
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