Are you struggling to keep up with the complex concepts and theories of Edexcel Psychology? Look no further than these comprehensive notes! Designed for students studying Edexcel Psychology at the A-level, these notes cover a wide range of topics, including social influence, developmental psycholog...
1. The multi-store model of memory (MSM) proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin suggests
that memory is made up of three separate stores: sensory memory, short-term memory
(STM), and long-term memory (LTM).
2. Sensory memory holds information from our senses for a very brief amount of time (less
than a second). It is believed to be a way for the brain to filter out unimportant
information.
3. STM has limited capacity and duration and is responsible for holding information in our
conscious awareness for a short period of time. The capacity of STM is around 7 +/- 2
items, and it lasts for around 18-30 seconds if not rehearsed.
4. Maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeating information repeatedly to keep it in
STM. However, this process does not transfer information to LTM.
5. LTM has a virtually unlimited capacity and can store information for an extended period.
Information must be transferred from STM to LTM via elaborative rehearsal, which
involves making meaningful associations with other information already stored in LTM.
6. Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information from LTM. There are three main
types of retrieval: recall, recognition, and relearning.
7. The working memory model (WMM) proposed by Baddeley and Hitch suggests that
STM is made up of several components: the central executive, the phonological loop, the
visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer.
8. The central executive is responsible for coordinating the other components of STM and
for controlling attention.
9. The phonological loop is responsible for processing verbal information and consists of
two components: the phonological store and the articulatory control process.
10. The visuo-spatial sketchpad is responsible for processing visual and spatial information.
11. The episodic buffer is responsible for integrating information from the phonological loop,
visuo-spatial sketchpad, and LTM.
12. There are several factors that can affect memory, including age, stress, emotion,
attention, and encoding specificity.
13. Encoding specificity refers to the idea that retrieval is more successful when the cues
present at the time of retrieval match those present at the time of encoding.
14. There are also several theories of forgetting, including decay theory (memory fades over
time), interference theory (new information interferes with old information), and
motivated forgetting (forgetting is a result of a desire to forget).
15. Memory is not always accurate and can be influenced by various factors, including
misinformation, source confusion, and the misinformation effect.
16. There are several techniques that can improve memory, including chunking, elaboration,
mnemonics, and the method of loci.
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