NCE Study Guide (Rosenthal), Questions with answers, rated A+. 100% A+
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NCE Study Guide (Rosenthal), Questions with answers, rated A+. 100% A+
Erik Erikson - -Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I...
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NCE Study Guide (Rosenthal),
Questions with answers, rated A+. 100%
A+
Erik Erikson - ✔✔-Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows
how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves
confronting "Who am I?" Came up with Identity Crisis
Carl Jung - ✔✔-Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and
unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual;
Studies: dream studies/interpretation - AniMA/AniMUS, Shadow=Id, Persona=Mask, Move client toward
Selfhood (Similar to Self-Actualization). (Memory Hint: JA)
Sigmund Freud - ✔✔-Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and
pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis,
transference
Oedipus Complex - ✔✔-Feelings of rivalry with the parent of the same sex and sexual desire for the
parent of the other sex, occurring during the phallic stage and ultimately resolved through identification
with the parent of the same sex.
Ego Ideal - ✔✔-Part of the superego that consists of what one would like to be; The superego compares
the ego's actions and will reward or punish the ego accordingly; An overly rewarding or punishing
superego can be detrimental
Abraham Maslow - ✔✔-Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level
(safety and psych) dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization,
transcendence
,John Bowlby - ✔✔-British psychologist- said that in order to lead a normal social life the child must bond
to an adult before age 3. Saw bonding and attachment as having survival value (adaptive significance). If
bond is severed at an early age, it is called object loss, which is a breeding ground for abnormal
behavior. Said mothers should be primary caretakers and fathers role is to support mother emotionally
rather than nurturing the child himself. Believes in Birth Order. (Memory Hint: Bowlby, Bonding, Birth
Order)
Jean Piaget - ✔✔-Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development,
said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and
accommodation)
William Perry - ✔✔-He is known for his work in adult cognitive development, specifically with college
students. He worked a lot with the concept of "dualistic thinking" among college students, where
everything is either black or white. (Memory technique: think of Katy Perry's song Hot and Cold to
associate Perry with dualism.)
Lawrence Kohlberg - ✔✔-Field: cognition, moral development; Contributions: created a theory of moral
development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior. Famous Heinz
study (Would you steal meds for mom?)
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development - ✔✔-pre-conventional (follow rules to avoid punishment,
satisfy personal needs), conventional (Works towards the good of society, Law and Order), post
conventional (Rules are relative, Self-chosen priniciples)
Daniel Levinson - ✔✔-wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Seasons of a Woman's Life. He viewed midlife
crises as positive things, stating that those who do not face a midlife crisis could become stagnant later
in life- avoiding the crises could lead to a lack of vitality later.
Albert Bandura - ✔✔-Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning (social
learning theory), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-
, adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play. Adult more violent, child
more violent. Think you see someone else's bandana and learn to like it so you want it.
Robert Havinghurst - ✔✔-Believed that adolescence consisted of a series of developmental tasks; the
skills, knowledge, and attitudes which must be acquired at successive points in individual development
(Walk, Talk, Eat Solid Food) (Memory Hint: Having Hurst you i will not walk, talk and eat.)
Lev Vygotsky - ✔✔-Field: child development; Contributions: (Social development theory) investigated
how culture & interpersonal communication guide development, zone of proximal development; play
research
Mary Ainsworth - ✔✔-Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation,
devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment
Culture - ✔✔-Culture is a shared set of traditions, belief systems, and behaviors and is shaped by many
factors, including history, religion, politics, and resources (financial, informational, technological,
material, energy, warfare, and human).
Types of Culture - ✔✔-Biological Sameness (We all need food), National (Law), Regional (Behavior),
Ecological (Environmental factors - Dress and Eat), Macro (Majority), Micro (Minority)
Race - ✔✔-A group of humans being distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns
or genetically inherited characteristics.
Ethnocentrism - ✔✔-The belief that one's group is of central importance, tendency to judge the
practices of other groups by one's own cultural standards.
Emic vs. Etic - ✔✔-emic is pov of member, etic is pov of outsider
Autoplastic - ✔✔-Implies that the counselor helps the client change to cope with his or her
environment; change comes from within, automatic
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