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Fundamentals Study Guide|NUR 2115 Module 1 latest update 2022/2023
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Fundamentals Study Guide|NUR 2115 Module1 latest update 2022/2023
1. Review types of wellness, including spiritual, physical, emotional, and sociocultural:
Wellness: is an active state of being healthy, including living a lifestyle that promotes good
physical, mental and emotional health; functioning to one’s maximum potential while
maintaining balance and a purposeful direction in the environment
Physical Wellness: maintaining a health quality of life without excessive stress and fatigue and
recognizing the importance of adopting healthful habits such as diet and exercise
Emotional Wellness: understanding you and being able to cope with life challenges. It also
means that you can share your feelings (such as sadness, anger, fear, hope, and happiness) with
others
Sociocultural Wellness: relating to and forming positive relationships with others such as
family, friends, and co-workers and indentifying and understanding the impact your cultural
values and identity have on your decisions and action
Intellectual Wellness: being open to new ideas, experiences and learning opportunities
Environmental Wellness: taking responsibility for making a positive impact on the world such
as contributing to improving the quality of air, water, and land
2. Nursing Theory
Erikson: Erikson believed that development is a continuous process made up of distinct stages,
characterized by the achievement of development and significant others. Developmental theory
based on four major organizing concepts: stages of development, developmental goals or tasks,
psychosocial crises, and the process of coping
• Infancy (1-18 months): trust versus mistrust; the infant rely on caregivers to meet basic
needs of warmth, food, and comfort, forming trust in others. Mistrust can result from
inconsistent, inadequate, or unsafe care
Fundamentals Study Guide|NUR 2115 Module
1 latest update 2022/2023
,Fundamentals Study Guide|NUR 2115 Module
1 latest update 2022/2023
• Toddler ( Ages 1-3 years): autonomy versus shame and doubt; as motor and language
skills develop, the toddler learns from the environment and gains independence through
encouragement from caregivers to feed, dress, and toilet self.
• Preschool (ages 4-6 years): initiative versus guilt; confidence gained as a toddler allows
the preschooler to take the initiative in learning so that the child actively seeks out new
experiences and explores the how and why of activities. If the child experiences
restrictions or reprimands for seeking new experiences and learning, guilt results, and
the
child hesitates to attempt more challenging skills in motor or language development.
• School-Aged Children: industry versus inferiority; Focusing on the end result of
achievements, the school-aged child gains pleasure from finishing projects and receiving
recognition for accomplishments. If the child is not accepted by peers or cannot meet
parental expectations, a feeling of inferiority and lack of self-worth might develop.
• Adolescence: identity versus role confusion; with many physical changes occurring, the
adolescent is in transition from childhood to adulthood. Hormonal changes produce
secondary sex characteristics and mood swings. Trying on roles and even rebellion can
be normal behaviors as the adolescent acquires a sense of self and decides what direction
to take in life. Role confusion occurs if the adolescent is unable to establish identity and
a
sense of direction.
• Young adulthood: intimacy versus isolation; the tasks for the young adult are to unite
self-identity with identities of friends and to make commitments to others. Fear of such
commitments results in isolation and loneliness
• Middle adulthood: Generativity versus stagnation; the middle adult years are marked by
involvement with family, friends, and community. This is also a time for becoming
concerned for the next generation and desiring to make a contribution to the world. If this
task is not met, stagnation results, and the person becomes self-absorbed and obsessed
with one’s own needs or regresses to an earlier level of coping.
• Later adulthood: ego integrity versus despair; as one enters the older years, reminiscence
about life events provides a sense of fulfillment and purpose. Some older adults may not
be fearful of dying if they feel they have achieved integrity. If one believes that one’s
life has been a series of failures or missed directions, a sense of despair might prevail.
Fundamentals Study Guide|NUR 2115 Module
1 latest update 2022/2023
, Fundamentals Study Guide|NUR 2115 Module
1 latest update 2022/2023
3. Review WHO (World Health Organization) and their definition of health:
Fundamentals Study Guide|NUR 2115 Module
1 latest update 2022/2023
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