In this presentation you will find a full in depth explanation about what happened during the interwar period. It will for example explain The Treaty of Versailles 1919 to how hitler came to power.
The Treaty of Versailles 1919
1.1. Intentions of the victorious powers
1.2. Political conditions
1.3. Economic conditions
1.4. Military conditions
1.5. Summary
The happy 20th century
2.1. Cultural development
2.2. Economic development
2.3. Political development
2.4. Military development
The Great Depression 1929-1933
3.1. The stock market crash of 1929
3.2. Bankruptcies and unemployment
3.3. The Kreuger crash of 1932
3.4. Social reforms
The troubled 1930s
4.1. Cultural developments
4.2. Economic development
4.3. Political development
4.4. Military development
Hitler's rise to power 1922-1933
5.1. Hitler after the end of the war 1918-1922
5.2. The 1923 Beer Cellar Coup
5.3. Weakness of the Weimar Republic
5.4. The Eye of the Depression 1929-1932
5.5. The "free" elections of 1932
5.6. The Reichstag fire and the Machtübernahme
Hitler in power 1933-1939
6.1. Anti-Semitism
6.2. German population in the dislocation
6.3. The recapture of the armed forces
6.4. Economic recovery
,The Treaty of Versailles 1919
1.1. Intentions of the victorious powers
The 1919 Treaty of Versailles was the final agreement that ended the First World
War and brought the countries of Europe back to a state of peace. During the six
months before the signing of the peace treaty, the victorious powers negotiated the
content of the peace, after which Germany was forced to sign the peace treaty
without any comment or negotiation.
The victorious powers were the United States, France and Great Britain and the 23
other countries involved. The Big Three quickly came into conflict with Italy and
Japan and others and the latter withdrew from the negotiations, with the entire
peace and its contents being decided by the Big Three.
The United States under President Woodrow Wilson (Dem.) wanted a just peace based
on democracy and national self-determination and wanted the peace to be a peace
without victors and vanquished. France under President Georges Clemenceau and
Britain under Prime Minister David Lloyd George wanted peace to create a state in
which Germany could never again raise arms against any other country. In addition,
Germany would be punished for its participation in the war. These very different
starting points gave rise to a slightly bizarre compromise solution that became the
Treaty of Versailles.
1.2. Political conditions
1. The debt issue
Germany and the German people were forced to take personal and direct
responsibility for the outbreak of war in 1914 and the entire course of the war
1914-1918.
2. Austria
Germany had to recognise the new little Austria and these two countries were
forbidden from forming a union even though they were both inhabited by ethnic
Germans.
3. Overseas sessions
Germany was allowed to cede all its colonies. These were Togoland, Cameroon, German
South West Africa, German East Africa (Tanzania, Burundi and Rwanda) and German New
Guinea (Papua New Guinea including several island groups in the Pacific), in
addition to losing the right to all concessions in China.
, 4. European concessions
Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
North Schleswig returned to Denmark
Poznan & West Prussia transferred to the reconstituted Poland
Hlucin in Upper Silesia was transferred to the newly created Czechoslovakia
Memelland returned to Lithuania
Eupen & Malmedy transferred to Belgium
Saarland under NF control for fifteen years then referendum on status.
Danzig becomes a sanctuary under NF control.
1.3. Economic conditions
1. War reparations
Germany had to pay on a huge war indemnity (equivalent to 96,400 tons of gold) to
the victorious powers (mainly France, Belgium and Great Britain) until 1984.
2. Economic restrictions
The victorious powers were given the right to impose whatever tariffs and
restrictions they wanted on German products and they gave themselves the right to
fish freely in German territorial waters. Germany had to enforce rules to prevent
unfair competition, no such requirement was placed on the victorious powers.
Germany had to pay for the running costs of the Entente army occupying its
territory.
1.4. Military conditions
1. The Army
The army could only consist of 100,000 men and could not possess heavy artillery or
tanks. The army must contain only volunteer soldiers and conscription must be
abolished. There were also other restrictions, such as the number of military
schools and staff, and the amount of ammunition of various types that could be
stored at units or in central stores.
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