Unit 1 SCLY1 - Culture and Identity; Families and Households; Wealth, Poverty and Welfare
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Summary AQA AS/A2 Sociology Demography Notes
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Unit 1 SCLY1 - Culture and Identity; Families and Households; Wealth, Poverty and Welfare
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Notes on the “Demography” topic for AQA Sociology. Comprehensive but concise summary of the topic includint theories, key terms and theorists, as well as contemporary examples for your exams!
Unit 1 SCLY1 - Culture and Identity; Families and Households; Wealth, Poverty and Welfare
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demography
💭 key
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Key terms Births
Quotes Birth rate — live births per 1000 of the population per year
Definitions long-term decline in births since 1900 — from 28.7 then to
Sociologists 12.2 in 2014
Important fluctuations/baby booms over time — e.g. post-war, and
1960s
B/I/H: subheading
increase since 2001
Bold: important
point in description
Underline: don’t future trends in birth rates
forget this!
slight increase since 2001, attributed to immigration
annual numbers are expected to be fairly constant — around
800k yearly
total fertility rate
(TFR) avg. no of children birthed by a woman during her
fertile years (16-45)
risen recently, still lower than in past
2.95 1964 (peak), 1.63 2001 (lowest), 1.83 2014
women are having kids later (less time to have multiple
kids), or not having kids
demography 1
, why is there a decline in the birth rate?
changes in womens position over 20th century
💡 Harper (2012) : education of women is the most
important reason for the long-term fall in birth
rates
Change in mindset among women — more
possibilities than traditional housewife role
Many delay/don’t have kids
no. of 45yo childless women has doubled in last 25 years
patterns of low fertility over generations lead to change in
cultural norms
smaller families are now the norm
decline in infant mortality (no. of infants dying before 1st
birthday, per 1000 babies born alive, per year)
💡 Harper : Fall in IMR leads to fall in birth rate
Parents no longer have to ‘replace’ the dead
babies they lose, so have fewer births overall
IMR fell within first half of 20th century for many reasons
—:
children are economic liabilities — can no longer work at an
early arge
used to be assets, but now we have laws preventing child
labour + meaning we must stay in school
economically dependent for longer
changing norms mean children are more expensive, so
parents may have more financial pressures
can’t afford to have big family
society is child-centred — childhood is a more important period
in our lives
parents have fewer children and give more attention to those
few
the effects of changes in fertility
the family — smaller families = women are freer to go work
creating a dual earning couple typical to professional
families
better off couples may be able to have bigger families and
still use childcare to work full-time
dependency ratio — this is the size of the working population
vs non-working population
children make up most of dependent population, so fall in
children = reduction in burden of dependency
long term, will be smaller working pop so burden will rise
again
vanishing children — fall in TFR = less kids
childhood is lonelier
demography 3
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