Biology 400 UVic Midterm 1
there term biology was invented by who? - Lamarck 1802
Before the mid-19th century, two disciplines studied living things: - medicine and
natural history
subdivisions of history: - geographic, political, military, economic biography, art,
literature, music, social, e...
Intellectual history (including the history of science) can be understood on the basis of
two kinds of factors: - ✔✔internal andexernal approaches
both are important for understandings
Why study history? - ✔✔1. intellectual curiosity,
2. expand one's imagination,
3. to use the past as a guide to our actions in the future,
4. to connect with the past on an emotional or spiritual level,
5. guilty pleasure
The "whig" interpretation of history - ✔✔Hurbert Butterfield, 19th century, tended to
regard history in regards to leading up to the present, but historians said maybe we
should see the past in its own terms and to not compare everyone and everything else
to 'us' the present, trying to understand the past in its own terms
What are some of the recurring questions in biology? - ✔✔-what living things are there
in the world, and how do they interact?
-where do organisms come from?
-how do organisms work?
-why do offspring resemble their parents? why are offspring different from their parents?
Who came first: Aristotle or Thales? - ✔✔Thales
When Aristotle was young, how old was Democritus and Hippocrates? - ✔✔Democritus
and Hippocrates were old men when Aristotle was young
_________ was a younger contemporary of Plato - ✔✔Aristotle
comment on the knowledge that hunter gatherer people had of biology - ✔✔would need
to know the habits of the animals (i.e. seasonal migration, behaviour etc), internal
anatomy, how to kill them. would also need knowledge of plants and how to use them:
food, medic, weapons, tools and construction material
, artificial selection in agriculture - ✔✔deliberate, selective breeding for altered
characteristics
treats that were selected during plant domestication: - ✔✔bigger seeds, plants that hold
onto seeds longer, high yield, don't need a cold period for germination, self pollinate, not
poisonous
domestication of animals involved more or less knowledge? (compared to hunting) -
✔✔needed more knowledge. knowledge of nutrition, breeding, behaviour, diseases
what are the subdivisions of medicine in early civilisation? - ✔✔pharmacology,
surgery,
magic and religion
(usually done by different practitioners)
In Egypt, how were physicians regarded social status wise? - ✔✔among the elite,
and organised into a hierarchy, from chief physician to bandager
Imhotep (2600 BC): who was he? - ✔✔architect, physician, polymath, might have
written surgical texts. he was deified by the Egyptians after his death.
Imhotep might be the source of the what greek god? - ✔✔Asclepios, the greek god of
medicine
what is the Edwin Smith papyrus? - ✔✔2700 BC might go back to Imhotep, discusses
traumatic military injuries as case studies, has very little magic, some understanding of
anatomy, speculates physiology, comments on contraceptives
what is the Ebers Papyrus? - ✔✔1550 BC, both practical advice and magic, 700+ drugs
and formulas, comes AFTER Edwin Smith papyrus
what is the yellow EMperor's Inner canon? - ✔✔2nd century BC,
ancient china,
illness is the result of natural causes,
illness not a result of supernatural (concept also seen in some medical approaches in
Egypt and Greece),
illness can result from the disruption of the flow of chi (chi travels through body in
pathways called meridians)
imbalance of yin and yang leads to what? - ✔✔illness
what was the ancient Chinese Elements? - ✔✔five phases/elements:
wood, fire, earth, metal water
correspond to parts of mind and body, can be manipulated by physician for benefit of
patient
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