This package of notes goes through the very basics and beginning of Organic chemistry of grade 12. It includes the introduction to organic chemistry, a few basic functional groups and their naming such as alkenes and alkanes and moving forward other functional groups with their characteristics.
Organic chemistry is about
organic compounds and
they are I'
-
based on carbons.
(C1o
sinixcc
·
& S
They usually have a carbon-carbon or
carbon-hydrogen bond. and
If the
Inorganic compounds
* are not based on carbons. ~ eliples in a m
is polar
-The carbon atom:
Each carbon can hold to covalent bands. Thus, a carbon atom can -for example:
up
-
#20
connect to four other atoms. Carbon bond other of
as
many
can to
many types ·20 ->
and
atoms, including hydrogen, oxygen nitrogen.
In addition tend to create
single, double, or triple bonds with
-
carbons
strong
other carbons.
-
The numbers of single, double bevels or
triple bond can determine the saturation of
-Hydro Carbons:
the molecule:
> Melecules that contain only single carbon-carbon bonds are saturated. I means all carbon -
Hydrocarbons are the
simp
of
enti
of other
atoms are bended to the maximum number atoms which is 4. No more
bending can
They are
composed
fuels
happen. -They're widely used as
-> Melecules that contain double or
triple bonds are unsaturated. The carbon atoms
Hydrocarbons are
non-polar
either side of tripleband to less than 4
on the double or are bonded atoms each, -
Hydrocarbons are divided i
which allows the carbon to bond more with other atoms. 1) Aliphatic hydrocarbons
- Carbon melecules can be in different shapes such as a chain or a
ring. - A contains carbon at
Carbon structures the backbone of The carbon atoms
-
are
organic chemistry/componnel. -
sin
-
Alipathic hydrocarbons
Structures:
Line
Angle alkynes.
w
Carbon, Carbon bonds
-
They're also known as the skeletal structures. 2) Aromatic hydrocarbon
carbon hydrogen atoms not drawn in. -Aromatic hydrocar
- In line
angle structures, the and are
It's that each carbon has sufficient number of that
-
assumed a
hydrogens group.
it has a total number of 4 bands. -
They contain benz
Note that
-
hydrogen can
only create one bond.
-
Always include the love pairs for the
moms such as
nitrogen, oxygen - Alkanes:
halogens and etc. > a new, carbon - An Allare is a
hydroca
-Bond matter alot in line structures. Allanes do not contain
angles angle -
rin
They have the formula
(n
·
:
-An alkane in the shape of
And the Formula Cattan
#Ex 2H
&
-
C C
#
Alkenes:
-
NH 2
&
"C C
*
If
If (11 I
⑪
·x C6H,
N NO
H
will
(
=H H
-
A
compound (hydrocarbon
B ↑ -
straight-chain Alkenes wi
Co A 152
cycloalkanes -> In Her
It * Double C.c bonds are
H
*
2.
C I
H
H 1
Alkynes:
a it
H in -
C C If
, ( Au nom de Dieu )
For
-
example :
-
C- 12
design
cH3
3 5 6 -
You can use the
designation
HC CH CH CH hex ( root )
z } → carbons in the double bend eac
' 4
H C C tri or tetra -
substituted .
3
2 ' '
1 2,4 -
dimethyl hexane _
2 isomers is when the ca
CH same side
} .
' '
-
f isomers are isomers wh
- Suffix : each side .
functional
- The suffix indicates the
type of
compound according ,
to the
groups
present . _ How to name A
of the bonds 1) Find
-
Depends on the types present in the main chain : the
longest carbon
2) Count the number of carb
"
bond "
alkane
→
single : _ ane s
"
double bend : "
ene alkene 3) Pick out the
alkyl group
-
→ →
"
Triple bend :
"
alkyne Make sure to number the
→
yne → *
-
the
highest priority with lowe
-
Prefix :
-The prefix indicates the name and location of each branch and functional 4) Indicate the position of
group on the main chain . in the main chain to which
the
have branches ,
-
Most compounds called
alkyl groups attached to the main chain .
alkyl groups and are conne
An Alkyl obtained
by removing atom from
-
group is one
hydrogen an alkane .
" " "
To suffix to 5) If
alkyl group
"
- name an
,
change the ane
yl . two or more
alkyl
^ ^"
are
by the prefixes di , tri ,
Methyl Ethyl propyl isopropyl number Use
separate . comm
CH
}
CH C.Hz ( CH
} Hz ( Hz ( Hz (
Hz -
z
CH }
6) If there are two or more
butyl Sec -
butyl isebutyl Tert-butyl ,, a, , ,, , ,,
,,
•
.
, , nam
"
/
"+3 '"
3
↳
CHZCHZCHZCH CH CH
position of each with
-
,
-
CH ,
CH
C CH
,
group ,
CH z CH ,
3
CHS and letters .
t
I
~
-
I -
- -
When the branches have of their '
For example :
branches
shape thy get
'
* ,
own in a
y _
a suffix of '
iso
)
.
•
4 3
The location of th branches are indicated by number The number represent
- . C
CHZ
th number of th carbon
having th branch on the main chain SCH
}
.
chain (
- When
numbering carbons on th main
straight] you must number
in a so that th carbon with the branches have th lowest numbers possible
way .
A
☆ "
2-
H
c.
•:
meth
a
•
CH3
/
⑨
(4
the branch the lowest number
Cz >
→ main chain
5 4
(5 (
3 Cy
Hgc [H
→
5 carbons →
root :
pent
→ All
single bends → suffix : ane
→ CH} is th branch on carbon 2 → prefix : 2 , methyl m
i. 2-
methy pentane •% 2,3 -
dim
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