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Samenvatting Contemporary Sociological Theories (CST) - UVT

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Samenvatting van alle lecture slides en aanvullende informatie die je moet weten voor het vak Contemporary Sociological Theories (of CST) aan Tilburg University. De slides waren bij mij in het Engels, maar werden uitgelegd in het Nederlands door professor Bram Peper. De samenvatting is dus gebaseer...

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  • October 27, 2022
  • June 22, 2023
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Contemporary Sociological Themes
Summary 2021


Lecture 1 3
Lecture 2 8
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) 8
John Locke (1632-1704) 8
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) 8
Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) 9
Adam Smith (1723-1790) 9
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) 9
George Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) 9
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) 10
Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) 10
Auguste Comte (1798-1857) 11
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) 11
Lecture 3 14
Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) 14
Robert Merton (1910-2003) 17
Lecture 4 19
Karl Marx (1818-1883) 19
Max Weber (1864-1920) 20
Georg Simmel (1858-1918) 22
Ralf Dahrendorf (1929-2009) 22
Lewis Coser (1913-2003) 22
Randall Collins (1941) 23
Lecture 5 24
W I Thomas (1863-1947) 24
Robert E Park (1864-1944) 25
Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) 25
George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) 26
Herbert Blumer (1900-1987) 26
Ervin Goffman (1922-1982) 27
Alfred Schutz (1899-1959) 27
Berger and Luckmann with The social construction of reality 27
Harold Garfinkel (1917-2011) 28
Lecture 6 29
George Caspar Homans (1910-1989) 29



1

, Peter Blau (1918-2002) 30
Lecture 7 33
Norbert Elias (1897-1990) 33
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) 34
Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009) 34
Michel Foucault (1926-1984) 35
Lecture 8 36
Erving Goffman (1922-1982) 36
Lecture 9 37
Giddens and Bourdieu 37
Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002) 37
Anthony Giddens (1938) 39
Lecture 10 41
Zygmunt Bauman 41
Jean-Francios Lyotard (1924-1998) 41
Jean Baudrillard (1929-2007) 42
Jürgen Habermas 42
Lecture 11 45
Ulrich Beck (1944-2015) 47

Supplementary information 49




2

,Lecture slides

Lecture 1
Theory
The systematic analysis of social phenomena.
> These social phenomena correlate with individual effects.

Opinion
A view or a judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge.

Fact
A thing that is indisputably the case.


“An ounce of action is worth a ton of theory.” Ralph Waldo Emerson

Ons brein werkt via theorie. Je doen een observatie (jonge mensen in de bieb), maakt een
vraag (waarom zitten zij in de bieb?), doet een assumptie (in de bieb zitten is anders) en maakt
hier een theorie over (Dit zijn studenten die willen slagen, en daarvoor in de bieb moeten zitten
om te leren).

Theorie kan komen van:
- Empirische observatie
- Social life
- Common sense (als een sociale theorie
over de wereld)
Elke sociale theorie is gerelateerd aan de
sociaal-historische context.

Theorie wordt getest door hypothesen
(implicaties) die voortkomen uit assumpties.

Een goede theorie is:
- Logically coherent
- Explains a lot by assuming little
- Empirically testable
- Supported by empirical tests.




3

, Paradigmata / tradition
Een manier om naar de samenleving te kijken, die
wetenschappelijk denken en onderzoek stuurt.
- Theoretisch
- Methodological




Hoofdparadigmata in sociologie:
1. Functionalistic
Sociale fenomenen worden uitgelegd door hun functie in de samenleving.
2. Conflict
Sociale fenomenen worden uitgelegd door conflicten die tussen groepen in de
samenleving zijn (geweest).
3. Rational Choice
Sociale fenomenen worden uitgelegd als consequenties van rationele beslissingen van
individuen.
4. Symbolic interactionism
Sociale fenomenen worden uitgelegd als het resultaat van interactie tussen individuen
via symbolen en meaning.




Het probleem is dat de socioloog nooit observatief is, want neemt plek in de samenleving. Er is
ook geen overkoepelend beeld van hoe de samenleving werkt.

Theoretical tradition
Family of theories with common assumptions.
Deze focussed niet op een specifiek probleem.




4

, Manieren om naar theorie te kijken:
1. That which underpins research design
Theory as paradigm
2. That which may inform our understanding of the phenomenon under investigation.
Theory as a lens
3. That which may emerge from our study.
Theory as new knowledge

Ontology
Filosofische assumpties over wat sociale realiteit is.
What do we believe exists?
Fundamental beliefs that someone holds about the nature of the social world and its
relationships to individual social actors.
Epistemology
Wat we accepteren als bewijs van die realiteit.
What constitutes reliable & valid knowledge?
Causal relations between observable phenomena or interpretations of meaning.

Methodology
De manieren waarop we de context onderzoeken.
How do we produce reliable and valid knowledge?
What strategies of inquiry are appropriate?
Methods
De manieren waarop we bewijs verzamelen.
How can we collect data to test our theories or describe social phenomena?
What data collection approaches are appropriate?

Theorie kan neutraal zijn, maar ook zorgen voor verandering of afbreuk.




5

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