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Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications 4th Edition Cengel Solutions Manual With Question and Answers, From Chapter 1 to 15
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Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications 4th
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Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals And Applications 4th
Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications 4th Edition Cengel Solutions Manual .
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F l u i d M e c h a n i c s F u n d a m e n t a l s a n d A p p l i c a t i o n s 4 t h E d i t i o n C e n g e l
S o l u t i o n s M a n u a l
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D o w n l o a d I m m e d i a t e l y A f t e r T h e P u r c h a s e Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts PROPRIETARY MATERIAL . © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distributi on permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using th is Manual, you are using it without permission. 1-1 Solutions Manual for Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications Fourth Edition Yunus A. Çengel & John M. Cimbala McGraw-Hill Education, 2018 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL This Manual is the proprietary property of McGraw-Hill Education and protected by copyright and other state and federal laws. By opening and using this Manual the user agrees to the following restrictions, and if the r ecipient does not agree to these restrictions, the Manual should be promptly returned unopened to McGraw-Hill Education: This Manual is being provided only to authorized professors and instructors for us e in preparing for the classes using the affiliated textbook. No other use or distribution of this Manual is permitted. This Manu al may not be sold and may not be distributed to or used by any student or other third party. No part of this Manual may be rep roduced, displayed or distributed in any form or by any means, el ectronic or otherw ise, without the prior written permission of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts PROPRIETARY MATERIAL . © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distributi on permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using th is Manual, you are using it without permission. 1-2 Introduction, Classi fication, and System 1-1C Solution We are to define a fluid and how it differs between a solid and a gas. Analysis A substance in the liquid or gas phase is referred to as a fluid . A fluid differs from a solid in that a solid can resist an applied shear stress by deforming, whereas a fluid deforms continuously under the influence of shear stress , no matter how small. A liquid takes the shape of the container it is in, and a liquid forms a free surface in a larger container in a gravitational field . A gas, on the other hand, expands until it encounters the walls of the container and fills the entire available space. Discussion The subject of fluid mechanics deals with ball fluids, both gases and liquids. 1-2C Solution We are to define internal, exte rnal, and open-channel flows. Analysis External flow is the flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such as a plate, a wire, or a pipe. The flow in a pipe or duct is internal flow if the fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces . The flow of liquids in a pipe is called open-channel flow if the pipe is partially filled with the liqui d and there is a free surface , such as the flow of water in rivers and irrigation ditches. Discussion As we shall see in later chapters, different approximations are used in the analysis of fluid flows based on their classification. 1-3C Solution We are to define incompressible and compressible flow, and discuss fluid compressibility. Analysis A fluid flow during which the density of the fluid remains nearly constant is called incompressible flow . A flow in which density varies significantly is called compressible flow . A fluid whose density is practically independent of pressure (such as a liquid) is commonly referred to as an “incompressible fluid,” although it is more proper to refer to incompressible flow. The flow of compressible fluid (such as air) does not n ecessarily need to be treated as compressible since the density of a compressible fluid may still remain nearly constant during flow – especially flow at low speeds. Discussion It turns out that the Mach number is the critical pa rameter to determine whether the flow of a gas can be approximated as an incompressible flow. If Ma is less than about 0.3, the incompressible approximation yields results that are in error by less than a couple percent. s Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts PROPRIETARY MATERIAL . © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distributi on permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using th is Manual, you are using it without permission. 1-31-4C Solution We are to determine whether the flow of air over the wi ngs of an aircraft and the flow of gases through a jet engine is internal or external. Analysis The flow of air over the wings of an aircraft is external since this is an unbounded fluid flow over a surface. The flow of gases through a jet engine is internal flow since the fluid is completely bounded by the solid surfaces of the engine. Discussion If we consider the entire airplane, the flow is both internal (through the jet engines) and external (over the body and wings). 1-5C Solution We are to define forced flow and discuss the difference between forced and natural flow. We are also to discuss whether wind-driven flows are forced or natural. Analysis In forced flow , the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a tube by external means such as a pump or a fan. In natural flow , any fluid motion is caused by natural means such as the buoyancy effect that ma nifests itself as the rise of the warmer fluid and the fall of the cooler fluid. The flow caused by winds is natura l flow for the earth, but it is forced flow for bodies subjected to the winds since for the body it makes no differe nce whether the air motion is caused by a fan or by the winds. Discussion As seen here, the classification of forced vs. natu ral flow may depend on your frame of reference. 1-6C Solution We are to define the Mach number of a flow and the meaning for a Mach number of 2. Analysis The Mach number of a flow is defined as the ratio of the speed of fl ow to the sp eed of sound in the flowing fluid. A Mach number of 2 indicate a flow speed that is twice the speed of sound in that fluid . Discussion Mach number is an example of a dimensionless (or nondimensional) parameter.