Detailed and concise a level biology revision notes on recombinant DNA technology. This includes organised revision notes on producing DNA fragments, in vitro and in vivo genetic cloning, locating genes using DNA probes and genetic fingerprinting.
recombiant DNA
technology allows genes
to be manipulated altered and transferred between
,
organisms these
techniques enable us to understand better how wrk and design
,
organisms
new industrial processes and medical applications
-
a number of diseases result from individuals being unable to produce for themselves various
metabolic chemicals ,
many of which are proteins g. insulin e. which are the product of
a
gene
↳ treatment of these previously involved extracting the chemical from a
human animal donor and introducing it to the patient
or ,
this
has risks of rejection infection as well being expensive
or as
therefore there
advantages producing tagequartitiesof-pwe.pro/-e-
in
-
are
from other sources .
:
techniques have been developed to
isolategene-s.hn
them and transfer them into these the to allow
microorganisms , are
grown
↳tÉ
continuous production of the desired protein .
combined in this
way is recombinant
DNA and the resulted organism is
try / geneticakymok.fi#M0
-
DNA" of one
organism
is accepted by different species and functions normally due to
the gÉÉsd and the process of transcription and translation
being the same .
: transferred DNA can be transcribed and translated normally
in the transgenic organism
↳ indirect evidence for evolution
PROCESSOFMAKINGPROTEINSUSINGDNATECHNOLOGY
- -
desiredgene.tn
1 .
Isolation of DNA fragments the with
.
Insertion of DNA fragment introverts
Transformation
3.
mbasnitablehostcell-4.ldennt.fi
of transfer the DNA
cation if successfully host cells that have takes up the
gene
lase gene markers )
5. Growth /cloning of the population of host cells
, METHODS TO PRODUCE DNA FRAGMENTS
-
before it can be transplanted ,
it must be identified and isolated from the rest of
the DNA as a
fragment by :
•
conversion of mRNA into cDNA
using reverse transcriptase
using restriction endonucleases
to cut
fragments containing the desired
°
gene
•
creating the gene in a
gene
machine based on known protein structure
REVERSETRANSPTASE
-
retroviruses e.
g.
Hiv have them coded information on the form of RNA yet
in a host cell synthesise DNA using the
they are able to
enzyme reverse
transcription which catalyses production of DNA from RNA
-
cell readily producing the protein is selected
e.
g. B cells of islets of langerhans produce insulin
-
cells have large quantities of relevant mRNA which
is more
easily extracted
-
reverse transcriptase is this used to make DNA from
it
RNA
,
this ☐
complementary DNA LCDNA ) because ☐
made up of nucleotides complementary to mRNA
-
to
form the other strand of DNA ,
DNA polymerase is used
to build up the complementary nucleotides on the cDNA
template
-
double stranded DNA is
the required gene
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