HESI A2 (READING,GRAMMAR,MATH,BIOLOGY & ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY 2021.2022)
HESI A2 READING
Food away from home (FAFH) has been associated with poor diet quality in many studies. It is difficult, however, to measure the effect of FAFH on diet quality since many unobserved factors, such as food preferences and time constraints, influence not just our choice of where to eat, but also the nutritional quality of what we eat. Using data from 1994-96 and 2003-04, this study applies fixed-effects estimation to control for such unobservable influences and finds that, for the average adult, FAFH increases daily caloric intake and reduces diet quality. The effects vary depending on which meals are consumed away from home. On average, breakfast away from home decreases the number of servings of whole grains and dairy consumed per 1,000 calories and increases the percent of calories from saturated and solid fat, alcohol, and added sugar (So FAAS) in a day. Dinner away from home reduces the number of servings
of vegetables consumed per 1,000 calories for the average adult. Breakfast and lunch away from home increase calories from saturated fat and So FAAS on average more among dieters than among non- dieters. Some of the overall negative dietary effects decreased between 1994-96 and 2003-04, including those on whole grain, sodium, and vegetable consumption.
Which meal(s) eaten away from home have worse results for dieters than for non-dieters?
A.The article doesn’t state which meal is the worse for non-dieters
B.Dinner eaten away from home is worse because people consume fewer whole grains and vegetables.
C.Breakfast eaten away from home is worse because it increases the percent of calories from saturated and solid fat, alcohol, and added sugar (So FAAS) in a day.
D.Breakfast and lunch eaten away from home are worse because they increase the percent of calories from saturated fats.
Why is it difficult to measure the effect of food away from home on diet quality?
A.People eat out too much, so it is not possible to collect accurate data.
B.Researchers are unable to assess the nutritional quality of people’s diets.
C.Peoples’ food preferences are too complex and may even be unmeasurable.
D.Too many unknown variables affect the data.
Which statement is not a detail from the passage?
A.Eating breakfast away from home can result in an increase in fatty protein consumption.
B.Eating food away from home is connected to bad food choices.
C.In general, people who eat breakfast away from home consume more calories.
D.Eating dinner away from home results in less vegetable consumption.
What is the meaning of the word “associated” in the first paragraph?
A.Specialized
B.Predated
C.Connected
D.Obfuscated A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. A DNA molecule is 2 nanometers in diameter. Protein molecules are about 10 nanometers in diameter. A human hair is 100,000 nanometers in diameter. But what is a nanometer and how does it relate to technology? Nanotechnology is defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, a scale at which unique properties of materials emerge that can be used to develop novel technologies and products. At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ from the properties of matter either at smaller scales, such as atoms, or at larger scales that we use in everyday life such as millimeters or inches. Nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter only a few nanometers in size. Gold nanoparticles are made of the same material as in jewelry. But when light interacts with particles of gold, different colors are reflected. The different colors can be used in simple medical tests to indicate infection or disease. Metals such as copper become extremely rigid at the nanoscale, rather than bendable as in copper wires seen in everyday use.
What is the major difference between matter at the nanoscale and matter at larger scales such as millimeters or inches?
A.At the nanoscale, metals are bendable, and at larger scales they are rigid.
B.Matter has different and special characteristics at the nanoscale.
C.At the nanoscale, matter has the same properties as matter at the atomic level.
D.There is no difference.
Which claim from the passage best describes the benefits of nanotechnology?
A.Scientists can develop novel technologies and products.
B.Nanotechnology is defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers.
C.The different colors can be used in simple medical tests to indicate infection or disease.
D.Unique properties of materials emerge.
What is the author’s primary purpose in writing this essay?
A.To explain how to utilize the nanoscale
B.To review the conversion between the nanoscale and nanotechnology
C.To advocate for the usage of more nanotechnology
D.To describe nanotechnology and what it is
Researchers have developed a recording device that essentially melts into place, snugly fitting to the brain's surface. This new technology allows for closer interaction between machines and living tissue, paving the way for more advanced implantable devices. Currently, the simplest devices for recording from the brain are needle-like electrodes that can penetrate into brain tissue. More state-of-the-art devices, called micro-electrode arrays, consist of dozens of semi-flexible wire electrodes. These are usually fixed to rigid silicon grids that don't conform to the brain's shape. An ideal recording device would conform to complex curved surfaces while placing minimal stress on the tissue. The scientists chose silk as their base material because it is flexible and durable enough to withstand manipulation. The team reported that they were able to create ultrathin flexible implants that hug the brain like shrink wrap, collapsing into its grooves and stretching over its rounded surfaces. The silk base dissolves once it makes contact with the brain, allowing the array to end up tightly hugging the brain. They found that the ultrathin arrays they created can record brain activity more faithfully than thicker implants embedded with similar electronics.
Which sentence best summarizes the benefits of the new silk technology?
A.The new technology allows for closer interaction between machines and living tissue, paving the way for more advanced implantable devices.
B.These implants have the potential to maximize the contact between electrodes and brain tissue, while minimizing damage to the brain.
C.They could provide a platform for a range of devices with applications in epilepsy, spinal cord injuries, and other neurological disorders.
D.The arrays could potentially read the complex signals in the brain that direct movement, and then route those signals to healthy muscles or prosthetic devices.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the silk brain recording device?
A.Durability
B.Flexibility
C.Different rates of dissolution
D.Needle – like electrodes
Neurologists and biological psychologists have witnessed a sharp increase in the knowledge and understanding of particular structures of the brain over the past two decades. As technology becomes ever more advanced, scientists are able to isolate the functions of even small regions of the human brain. One noteworthy discovery is the role of the amygdala in human fear and aggression. The amygdala, a small, almond-shaped conglomerate, is just one part of the limbic system. Located at the very center of the brain, the limbic system is the core of our 'emotional brain;' each individual structure
in the limbic system is somehow connected to an aspect of human emotion. Scientists have found that electrode stimulation of the amygdala can elicit extreme and aggressive acts. Patients or experimental subjects who experience this utter rage and fearlessness have no rational foundation for their reaction. In other words, this aggression is wholly attributable to electrode stimulation. On the other hand, patients with trauma or damage to this structure exhibit a complete absence of aggression. Researchers find that no amount of poking, prodding or harassment will evoke even remotely aggressive responses from these subjects.
The author suggests that persistent passivity and imperturbability may be a direct result of which of the following?
A.Drug-induced stimulation of the amygdala.
B.A stroke that resulted in severe tissue damage in the limbic system
C.Encephalitis as a result of head trauma
D.Activation of a strategically implanted electrode in a patient’s amygdala.
Which statement is not listed as a detail within the passage?
A.Electrode stimulation of the amygdala can elicit extreme aggressive acts.
B.Scientists are able to isolate the functions of even small regions of the human brain.
C.Typically, temperamental rhesus monkeys with amygdala damage are completely imperturbable. D.Subjects who experience this utter rage and fearlessness have no rational foundation for their reaction.
What is the main idea of the passage?
A.The human brain is as complex as it is mysterious.
B.Patients with damaged amygdalas are less aggressive than individuals with healthy ones.
C.Electrode stimulation is a valuable tool for researchers who study the human brain.
D.Scientists have learned a lot about how the amygdala affects human emotion.
The ability to see at a distance, in good light, does not diminish as a result of aging to the extent that other visual acuities do. Myopia, or nearsightedness, is more common to younger eyes, while presbyopia, or farsightedness, more commonly afflicts people as they age. The word presbyopia comes from Greek presbys, "old man," and opia, "eye," and names a condition in which, because the lens of the
eye hardens slightly and loses elasticity as a person ages, one cannot as easily focus sharply on nearby objects. This condition leads to the familiar habit of lifting up one's glasses and bringing an object or reading material close to the face so that the eyes can more easily focus on it. The function of the lens is to accommodate different focal points so that sensory data can be correctly directed to the retina for interpretation into images by the brain. Corrective lenses, particularly bifocals or progressive lenses, adjust for the focal point aberration. In essence, they do the work that the eye can no longer do for itself.
In the context of the passage, “accommodate” means to
A.Arrange lodging for
B.Contain
C.Make allowances for
D.Excuse
The author of the passage would probably agree with which of the following statements relating corrective lenses and aging eyes?
A.A dancer with a broken bone needs a cast to protect it.
B.A hiker reinforces a fraying backpack strap with duct tape.
C.A traveler gets a passport before going abroad.
D.An athlete stretches before a game to avoid a potential injury.
What was the author’s primary purpose for writing this essay?
A.To define what presbyopia is
B.To describe how eyes age and the function of corrective lens
C.To compare and contrast nearsightedness with farsightedness
D.To review the anatomy of the human eye
Alfalfa thrives on land which contains lime, and gives poor results when this ingredient is deficient. The explanation is simple: there is a community of interest between the very low microscopic animal life, known as bacteria, and plant life, generally . In every ounce of soil there are millions of these living germs
which have their allotted work to do, and they thrive best in soils containing lime. If one digs up a root of
