How do Clapp and Dauvergne’s four world views fit with the IR
theories you’ve encountered in PO131 so far?
Which world view are you most persuaded by and why? Is there
anything missing from their typology?
In what ways are Paterson's four power structures interdependent?
Can the case be made that patriarchy should be treated as the core
power structure?
Can development ever be sustainable?
Environmentalism: ‘A belief in and concern for the importance and
influence of environment within a society – environmentalism has come to
refer to a combination of beliefs in the value and fragility of the environment,
and a tendency to be conservationist with respect to it’. Brown, GW, McLean,
I, & McMillan, A 2018.
Clapp and Dauvergne’s Four World Views:
Sustainable Development: ‘development which meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs’. (1987 World Commission on Environment and Development
WCED)
World View Explanation Link to Other Ideologies
Market Economic growth is needed for human Conservatism: both are
Liberals wealth and sustainable development. concerned with preservation
Economic growth creates higher however, green though rests
incomes which generate funds to upon the idea of social reform
improve environmental conditions.and planning which does not
Liberal institutions (World Bank, WTO fit the bill of ‘change to
etc) follow this model. Globalisation isconserve conservatism’.
a force for environmental good! As Conservatism focusses on the
societies become wealthier, citizens past and tradition, and Greens
raise environmental standards and think about the future.
governments can fund initiatives. Conservatism also rests upon
hierarchy, which Green
The main factors behind environmental thought challenges.
degradation are a lack of economic
growth, poverty and failures of the Liberalism: optimism and
market/ bad policies. The poor are not faith in human rationality to
able to seek environmental methods make good decisions and
which are costly, and rely on bad improve the environmental
practices. They are ‘Victims and agents condition. Believe in the power
of environmental damage’ according to of globalisation.
, the World Bank. Poverty, therefore,
must be alleviated and globalisation is
the way to do this.
Great faith placed in the ability of
modern science/ technology to aid
societies in their attempts to get
greener. Human ingenuity has no
limits, and will always discover a way
to fix problems and develop eco-
technologies. Globally integrated
markets aid this too by promoting
growth to enable societies to improve/
repair their environmental conditions.
Therefore, trade and investment
should be liberalised, policy reforms
should foster specialisation and reduce
government subsidies which distort the
market and waste resources.
Governments should strengthen
institutions such as institutions to
protect property rights or to educate
the poor to the protect the
environment. Governments should use
market solutions like environmental
taxes/ tradeable pollution permits in
cases of market failures. International
schemes to trade carbon emissions for
environmental products, and
stewardship programmes are
necessary.
Institutionalist Share the belief with market liberals Conservatism: both are
s that economic growth, globalisation, concerned with preservation
trade, foreign investment and however, green though rests
technology are needed for sustainable upon the idea of social reform
development. However, whilst market and planning which does not
liberals emphasises the advantages of fit the bill of ‘change to
the free market and technology, conserve conservatism’.
institutionalists emphasises the need Conservatism focusses on the
for stronger global institutions and past and tradition, and Greens
state/ local capacity to constrain/ direct think about the future.
the global political economy. They also Conservatism also rests upon
stress the impact of environmental hierarchy, which Green
scarcity, population growth and thought challenges.
inequalities between states.
Institutions are key to alleviating these
issues (ideas found in the UN
Environment Programme). They argue
that lack of global cooperation is a key
source of environmental degradation.
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