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IC & RC Exam CAADC 2022 Study guide with complete solutions
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IC & RC Exam CAADC 2022 Study guide with complete solutions
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IC & RC Exam CAADC 2022 Study guidewith complete solutions
Drug - Any substance that enters the human boxy and can change either the function or
structure of the human organism. This includes such items as foods, vitamins, nutrients,
minerals and the like.
Psychoactive Drug - A chemical substance that not only can change the function and
structure of the body, but also changes one's thinking, feelings, perceptions and
behavior. These changes are the result of the drug's action on the human brain.
Depressant - Psychoactive drugs that slow down central nervous system function, relax
or tranquilize the person, and may produce sleep.
Narcotics - Psychoactive drugs - powerful painkillers, analgesics that also produce
pleasurable feelings and generally induce sleep.
derived from naturally occurring substances or manufactured synthetically; cause
sedation and euphoria by causing depression of CNS; used to medically relieve pain,
suppress cough and control diarrhea
overdose can cause death by respiratory depression
can cause physical/psychological dependence; impairs ability to drive; damage
developing fetus; linked with the spread of AIDS due to the use of needles
Stimulants - Psychoactive drugs - chemical substances that generally speed up central
nervous system function, resulting in alertness and excitability.
Hallucinogens - Psychoactive drugs - also called mind expanders or psychedelics,
these drugs affect a person's perception, awareness and emotions, and can cause
hallucinations as well as misinterpretations of reality.
Inhalants - Psychoactive drugs - volatile non drug chemical solvents that have drug-like
effects when inhaled. It includes commercial solvents (gasoline, toluene, acetone,
carbon tetrachloride), aerosols (freon, amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite), and anesthetics
(chloroform, ether and nitrous oxide).
Addiction - A chronic, progressive, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive use
of one or more substances that results in physical, psychological, or social harm to the
individual and continued use of the substance or substances despite this harm
,Alcoholism - A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental
factors influencing its development and manifestations. It is often progressive and fatal.
It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug
alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most
noticeable denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic.
Abstinence - Refraining from the use of alcohol or other drugs
Drug Use - The use or consumption of a drug within some socially prescribed or
ritualistic context
Drug Misuse - The unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or non-prescribed
drugs resulting in the impaired physical, mental, emotional or social well-being of the
individual
Drug Abuse - The deliberate use of chemical substance for reasons other than their
intended medical purposes which result in any degree of physical, mental, emotional or
social impairment of the user, user's family, or society in general. It involves using illegal
as well as legal, 'recreational' drugs that lead to problems.
Drug Dependence - Psychological and/or physical need for a drug, characterized by
compulsive use, tolerance to the drug, and physical dependence manifest by withdrawal
syndrome. Since some drugs do not show identifiable signs of withdrawal (e.g.
marijuana), or if the signs of withdrawal are often misinterpreted as something else (e.g.
cocaine, stimulants), a drug can be viewed as creating dependence if it produces
euphoria in the user, and if as a result of that euphoria, it creates a pattern of self-
reinforced use.
Tolerance - A state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a drug's effects. In
other words, a condition that requires the user to take more and more of a drug to get
the same, desired effect.
Physical Dependence - A state in which the presence of the drug is required for the user
to function normally. The body has adapted to the presence of the drug and the body
views this as normal and necessary.
Withdrawal - Drastic and characteristic changes in physical functioning and behavior
(insomnia, tremors, nausea, vomiting, cramps, elevation of heart rate and blood
pressure, convulsions, anxiety, psychological depression) due to over-excitation of the
nervous system. These effects are observed or experienced when the user stops
taking, or the use of a drug is significantly decreased (in which physical dependence
upon the drug has developed). There is a craving for the drug when one is abstinent,
and these symptoms are relieved when the drug is again taken. Also referred to as the
Abstinence Syndrome or Withdrawal Syndrome.
Relapse - The return to substance use after a period of abstinence.
, Routes of Administration - This refers to the method a drug is taken; has a direct impact
on the intensity and speed in which a drug has its effect.
Oral - A drug is taken into the mouth, where it passes into the stomach. In the stomach,
absorption begins, with the process continuing in the small intestines. Once absorbed
into the bloodstream, the drug makes its way to all body parts. Drugs taken in this way
generally take 20 to 30 minutes to have their effect. Some of the drug's effectiveness is
lost by this route of administration.
Inhalation - A drug is inhaled (by smoking) directly into the lung. In the lung, the alveoli
(air sacs) absorb the drug and move into the capillary system in the lungs. From there
the drug passes into the heart and then to the brain. Drugs taken in this way generally
take only 7 seconds to have their effect.
Intravenous - A drug is injected directly into a vein, where it travels to the lungs, heart
and brain. No other absorption is required. Drugs taken in this way take approximately
14 seconds to have their effects.
Intranasal - A drug is inhaled into the nasal cavity, where it is absorbed in the mucous
lining of the cavity. It is then absorbed by the capillary system in the nose, travels
through the veins, then to the lungs, heart and brain. Drugs taken in this way take from
one to three minutes to have their effect.
Instillation - A drug is absorbed directly through the skin, where it is eventually reaches
the bloodstream. The skin is designed to prevent such absorption, but a few drugs,
most notable LSD, are absolute enter the system in this way. Drugs absorbed in this
way may take up to 60 minutes to have their effect.
Drug Dose - Refers to the quantity or amount of a drug that is taken at any particular
time. The greater the dose, the greater the drug effect.
The Threshold Dose - Minimal dose; refers to the smallest amount of a given drug
which is capable of producing some detectable response.
The Median Effective Dose - Describes the dose required to proceed a specific
response in 50% of test subjects
The Lethal Dose - Is that dose which would result in death for the user, while the lethal
dose 50%, or the LD-50 is the level of use that would kill 50% of those who took that
amount. The potential danger of a drug is measured by its LD-50.
Half-Life - An indication of the time required for half of the dosage of a drug taken to
leave the body.
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