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AQA GCSE 9-1 Biology Preventing and treating disease topic summary
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A summary of the AQA GCSE Biology specification for the Preventing and Treating disease topic.
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Vaccination involves introducing small amounts of dead or inactive forms of a Painkillers treat the symptoms of disepathogen into your body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies. If not kill the pathogen that causes it.
the same pathogen enters the body again, the white blood cells respond quickly to
produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection. Antibiotics cure bacterial diseases by
pathogens inside the body.
Every cell has unique proteins on its surface called antigens. Antigens are attached to
the cell, and are different to those of your own cells. That is how the body knows you Antibiotics do not destroy viruses bec
are being infected. reproduce inside the cell. It is difficult
drugs that can destroy viruses withou
HERD IMMUNITY: If a large amount of the population is immune to a pathogen, the your body.
spread of the pathogen is much reduced.
Traditionally, drugs were extracted fro
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: Produced from a microorganisms.
single clone of cells. Each type is specific to one Preventing and treating
binding site on a specific protein antigen so they diseases Most drugs are synthesised by chemis
can target specific cells in the body or specific pharmaceutical industry.
chemicals. A good medicine is:
-Effective New drugs are extensively tested for e
Monoclonal antibodies can be used for: -Safe toxicity, and dosage.
-Pregnancy tests. -Stable
-In labs to measure levels of hormones and other -Successfully taken into and PRECLINICAL TESTING: New drugs are
chemicals in the blood to detect pathogens for removed from your body. laboratory using cells, tissues and eve
research. animals.
-Treatment of diseases.
DOUBLE BLIND TRIALS: Some CLINICAL TESTING: Uses healthy volun
patients are given a placebo, others patients. Low doses are tried for safet
the real drug. by higher doses to test for optimum d
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