What are the characteristics of parasites? - ANSWER -live inside or outside the living host
-need nutrients & protection
-produce some degree of harm to the host
Describe what Pasteur did in his spontaneous generation experiment. - ANSWER -two swan-naked flasks (open-end tube)
-heated the bro...
describe what pasteur did in his spontaneous generation experiment
what types of diseases can kochs
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Bio 242 Midterm
What are the characteristics of parasites? - ANSWER -live inside or outside the living
host
-need nutrients & protection
-produce some degree of harm to the host
Describe what Pasteur did in his spontaneous generation experiment. - ANSWER -two
swan-naked flasks (open-end tube)
-heated the broth in the two flasks (microbes died in broth)
- broke one neck of the flask (there microbes growing in the broth)
-other neck of the flask, he did not break the neck (no microbes that grew in the broth)
What types of diseases can Koch's postulates be used or applied? - ANSWER -two
swan-naked flasks (open-end tube)
-heated the broth in the two flasks (microbes died in broth)
- broke one neck of the flask (there microbes growing in the broth)
-other neck of the flask, he did not break the neck (no microbes that grew in the broth)
What types of diseases can Koch's postulates be used or applied? - ANSWER - Based
on the germ theory of disease (pathogenic organisms can cause diseases)
- examples: tuberculosis, leprosy, diarrhea by amoeba, anthrax
- Whether the microbe is pathogenic and which disease is caused
- Opposing examples: diabetes, hypertension, cancer (genetic)
· What makes viruses different from living organisms? - ANSWER - Acellular (made up
of cells), do not resemble cells
- Cannot synthesize proteins
- not independent
- no membrane-bound organelles
- can only replicate in a living host
- intracellular parasites
- have external coating & a core nucleic acid (sometimes with an envelope)
- sometimes with one or two enzymes
What are the components of the cell membrane? - ANSWER - Phospholipids
- Sterols
- Proteins
Give examples of organisms that have mycolic acid in their cell wall. - ANSWER -
Mycobacterium
- Nocardia
· What organisms can alcohol-based sanitizers be effectively used against? - ANSWER
- Gram (-) bacteria; other microbes that have lipids in the cell membrane
· Differentiate the types of RNA (rRNA, tRNA, mRNA). - ANSWER - rRNA composes
the ribosomes
, Bio 242 Midterm
- tRNA brings in the correct amino acids for protein assembly
- mRNA is a copy of a gene that provides the order & type of amino acids in a protein
What types of mutations can lead to frameshift? - ANSWER - Deletion & insertion
What is gene therapy? - ANSWER - Introduction of normal functional genes into people
with genetic diseases
Selective Media - ANSWER - Selective: with agents inhibit growth of other microbes;
provides growth to a specific microbe; isolate a microbe using selective media
What is inoculation? - ANSWER - To introduce a microbe into a culture media (as
inoculum) to grow or cultivate the microbe
Differentiate bright-field, dark-field, phase-contrast, fluorescence, & electron
microscopes in terms of resolution & magnification. - ANSWER - Highest magnification
and best resolution = electron microscopes
Differential - ANSWER - allows multiple microbes to grow but shows the differences
between them (shape of the colony, color of the colony)
Enriched - ANSWER - grow wide variety of microbes; contain complex organic
substances, such as blood, serum, or special growth factors (vitamins, minerals, etc.)
Photoheterotroph - ANSWER - rely on sunlight for energy & carbon from organic
substances; in the absence of sunlight, they use organic substances as energy source
and carbon source
Photoautotroph - ANSWER - dependent on sunlight for energy & CO2 as carbon source
Chemoautotroph - ANSWER - simple inorganic chemical substances for energy & CO2
for carbon source
Lithotroph - ANSWER - rely only on inorganic substances
Psychotrophs - ANSWER - 15 to 30 degree Celsius
Mesophiles - ANSWER - 10 to 50 degree Celsius
Thermophiles - ANSWER - 45 to 80 degrees Celsius
Psychrophile - ANSWER - below 15 degrees Celsius
What is generation time? - ANSWER - Time required for cells to double (doubling time);
a complete fission cycle - from parent cell to two new daughter cells
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