Summary Concepts of Health and wellness as Basic Human needs
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Concepts of Health and wellness as Basic Human needs
Concepts of Health and wellness as Basic Human needs
Concepts of Health and wellness as Basic Human needs
concepts of health and wellness as basic human needs
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UNIT NO . 01
Describe the Concepts of Health and wellness as Basic Human needs (WHO definition).
Definition of Basic Concepts
HEALTH:
Definition:
According to WHO, Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and ability to
function, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
1. It is the fundamental right of every human being. It is the state of integration of the body and mind
2. Health and illness are highly individualized perception. Meanings and descriptions of health and illness
vary among people in relation to geography and to culture.
3. Health - is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity. (WHO)
4. Health – is the ability to maintain the internal milieu. Illness is the result of failure to maintain the
internal environment.(Claude Bernard)
5. Health – is the ability to maintain homeostasis or dynamic equilibrium.
Homeostasis is regulated by the negative feedback mechanism.(Walter Cannon)
6. Health – is being well and using one’s power to the fullest extent. Health is maintained through
prevention of diseases via environmental health factors.(Florence Nightingale)
7. Health – is viewed in terms of the individual’s ability to perform 14 components of nursing care
unaided. (Henderson)
8. Positive Health – symbolizes wellness. It is value term defined by the culture or individual. (Rogers)
9. Health – is a state of a process of being becoming an integrated and whole as a person.(Roy)
10. Health – is a state the characterized by soundness or wholeness of developed human structures and of
bodily and mental functioning.(Orem)
11. Health-is a dynamic state in the life cycle; illness is interference in the life cycle. (King)
12. Health – is an elusive, dynamic state influenced by biologic, psychologic, and social factors. Health is
reflected by the organization, interaction, interdependence and integration of the subsystems of the
behavioral system.(Johnson)
o Health is not a condition .it is an adjustment.(change)
o Health is a highly individual perception.(accepts)
o Individual health is a dedicated balance between internal, external as well as his social environment.
If one is disturbed then the other is followed.
WELLNESS
Definition:
It is defined as an evaluation of standard of living or level of living and quality of life which an individual or
groups of individual have.
Wellness – is the condition in which all parts and subparts of an individual are in harmony with the whole
system. (Neuman)
ILLNESS:
Definition:
1. Illness is a state in which the equilibrium of the body and its function are disturbed.
2. It may be defined as phenomenon in which one or more natural functions of the body are so disturbed
that the affected individual cannot meet the natural requirement of everyday life.
3. Illness is failure or disturbance in the growth, development, function and adjustment of the organism as
a whole or any of its function or system (Engle)
4. It is a personal state in which the person feels unhealthy.
5. Illness is a state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience.
6. Illness is not synonymous with disease.
Mahmood Ahmed Arain 1
,Stages of Illness
1. Symptoms Experience- experience some symptoms, person believes something is wrong
3 aspects –physical, cognitive, emotional
2. Assumption of Sick Role – acceptance of illness, seeks advice
Medical Care Contact
3. Seeks advice to professionals for validation of real illness, explanation of symptoms, reassurance or
predict of outcome
4. Dependent Patient Role. The person becomes a client dependent on the health professional for help.
o Accepts/rejects health professional’s suggestions.
o Becomes more passive and accepting.
5. Recovery/Rehabilitation
Gives up the sick role and returns to former roles and functions.
EFFECTS OF ILLESS
• Change he normal behaviour
• Give up the autonomy e.g. Planning meals, practices work etc.
• Financial burden.
• Change in life style.
DISEASE:
Definition:
1. Disease is defined as a condition in which the body health is impaired (WEBSTER).
2. A state in which the individual is no longer in a state of equilibrium with force in his/her external and
internal environment. (Blend)
3. An alteration in body function resulting in reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span.
4. Biologic agent – e.g. microorganism
5. Inherited genetic defects – e.g. cleft palate
6. Developmental defects – e.g. imperforate anus
7. Physical agents – e.g. radiation, hot and cold substances, ultraviolet rays
8. Chemical agents – e.g. lead, asbestos, carbon monoxide
9. Tissue response to irritations/injury – e.g. inflammation, fever
10. Faulty chemical/metabolic process – e.g. inadequate insulin in diabetes
11. Emotional/physical reaction to stress – e.g. fear, anxiety
Risk Factors of a Disease
1. Genetic and Physiological Factors
For example, a person with a family history of diabetes mellitus is at risk in developing the disease
later in life.
2. Age
Age increases and decreases susceptibility (risk of heart diseases increases with age for both sexes
3. Environment
. The physical environment in which a person works or lives can increase the likelihood that certain
illnesses will occur.
4. Lifestyle
. Lifestyle practices and behaviors can also have positive or negative effects on health.
Classification of Diseases
1. According to Etiologic Factors
a.Hereditary – due to defect in the genes of one or other parent which is transmitted to the offspring
b. Congenital – due to a defect in the development, hereditary factors, or prenatal infection
c.Metabolic – due to disturbances or abnormality in the intricate processes of metabolism.
d. Deficiency – results from inadequate intake or absorption of essential dietary factor.
e.Traumatic- due to injury
Mahmood Ahmed Arain 2
, f. Allergic – due to abnormal response of the body to chemical and protein substances or to physical
stimuli.
g. Neoplastic – due to abnormal or uncontrolled growth of cells.
h. Idiopathic –Cause is unknown; self-originated; of spontaneous origin
i. Degenerative –Results from the degenerative changes that occur in the tissue and organs.
j. Iatrogenic – result from the treatment of the disease
2. According to Duration or Onset
a.Acute Illness – An acute illness usually has a short duration and is severe. Signs and symptoms
appear abruptly, intense and often subside after a relatively short period.
b. Chronic Illness – chronic illness usually longer than 6 months, and can also affects
functioning in any dimension. The client may fluctuate between maximal functioning and serious
relapses and may be life threatening. It is characterized by remission and exacerbation.
c.Remission- periods during which the disease is controlled and symptoms are not obvious.
d. Exacerbations – The disease becomes more active given again at a future time, with
recurrence of pronounced symptoms.
e.Sub-Acute – Symptoms are pronounced but more prolonged than the acute disease.
3. Disease may also be described as:
a.Organic – results from changes in the normal structure, from recognizable anatomical changes in
an organ or tissue of the body.
b. Functional – no anatomical changes are observed to account from the symptoms
present, may result from abnormal response to stimuli.
c.Occupational – Results from factors associated with the occupation engage in by the patient.
d. Venereal – usually acquired through sexual relation
e.Familial – occurs in several individuals of the same family
f. Epidemic – attacks a large number of individuals in the community at the same time. (e.g. SARS)
g. Endemic – Presents more or less continuously or recurs in a community. (e.g.
malaria, goiter)
h. Pandemic –An epidemic which is extremely widespread involving an entire country
or continent.
i. Sporadic – a disease in which only occasional cases occur. (e.g. dengue, leptospirosis)
Health and illness are inverted through application of nursing process including
• Assessment
• Goal setting
• Planning
• Implementation
• Evaluation
Health promotion
It is a process which is undertaken to increase level of wellness in individuals, families and
communities.
Mahmood Ahmed Arain 3
, HEALTH AND ILLNESS CONTINUUM
According to this continuum health is not a state but ability to function with different levels. Health is a
dynamic process with one end to death and other to highest level of wellness. and the individuals can place
themselves at different locations at one point at one time. Jut like different cultures have their own norms
and standard, health has its levels.
o A disease can lead towards the serious sickness and then to death.
o Awareness of health, health care and proper and accurate treatment and well social, economic, mental
and physical environment can lead to wellness.
Health
Peak High Good Normal Poor Extreme Critical ill Death
OR
SIGNS CAUSATIVE AGENT HEALTH EDUCATION CARE & CURE
DEATH TOTAL
WELLNESS
DISABILITY SYMPTOMS NO RISK AWARENESS SELF ACTUALIZATION
Rx MODEL NEUTRAL POINT WELLNESS MODEL
NURSING
• ICN (INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES): Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care
of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing
includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people.
Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in
patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles.
• Nursing is a profession in which the nurse applies skills and attitudes in the provision of comfort and
care for the health needs of people. It is a dynamic, therapeutic and educative process by which the
practitioner provides preventive, curative promotive and rehabilitative health services to individuals,
families and communities.
• Nursing is a profession in which the nurse applies skills and attitudes in the provision of comfort and
care for the health needs of people. It is a dynamic, therapeutic and educative process by which the
practitioner provides preventive, curative promotive and rehabilitative health services to individuals,
families and communities.
As defined by the as written by Virginia Henderson.
• The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health, it is recovery, or to a peaceful death the client would perform unaided if
he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.
• Help the client gain independence as rapidly as possible.
Mahmood Ahmed Arain 4
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