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BIOL 235 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE SOLUTION EXAM COMPLETE DOCX (2022)

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BIOL 235 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE SOLUTION EXAM COMPLETE DOCX (2022) Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - carbonic anhydrase carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - the conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water into carbonic acid fixed phagocytic macrophages - remove most old erythrocytes from ci...

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  • May 9, 2022
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BIOL 235 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE SOLUTION EXAM COMPLETE DOCX (2022)
Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - carbonic anhydrase


carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - the conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water into
carbonic acid


fixed phagocytic macrophages - remove most old erythrocytes from circulation


Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - narrow capillaries of the spleen


Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - in the bone marrow


pluripotent stem cells - continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem
cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells


emigration or diapedesis - The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary
endothelium to exit the vasculature


agglutinins - genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface
of an erythrocyte


ESV - volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed


Increase in ESV when - stroke volume is decreased


Three cations with important effect on heart function - K+, Ca2+, and Na+


Increased blood levels of NA+ - blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of contraction

,Excess in K+ - blocks generation of action potentials


pharynx - serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air flow inferiorly


larynx - passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production


paranasal sinuses - resonates sound, not part of the pharynx


fauces - opening from oral cavity into pharynx


tertiary bronchus - carries air to a segment of a lung


terminal bronchiole - carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole


pleural membranes - surround the lungs


surfactant - reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange


alveoli - actual sites of gas exchange


eupnea - normal, quiet breathing


costal breathing - shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles


compliance - amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall

,inspiratory capacity - tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males


vital capacity - tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually
about 4800 mL in males


functional residual capacity - residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400
mL in males


Henry's law - states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the
partial pressure of that gas and its solubility


Bohr effect - when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases


Dalton's law - each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure


medulla oblongata - sets basic rhythm of breathing


pons - includes the pontine respiratory group


Blood is - a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed elements (red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets)


Whole blood - blood plasma and formed elements


Blood plasma - proteins, water, other solutes


Blood plasma proteins - albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%)

, Formed elements - red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets


Blood cell production - hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after birth


Reticulocyte - from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus


Average lifespan of an erythrocyte - 120 days


Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells - equals the rate of RBC destruction by macrophages


Emigration or diapedesis is - the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood vessels


WBCs use to destroy pathogens - lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions


Neutrophils - are usually the first and most numerous responders to an infection


Macrophages - react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do


Pluripotent stem cells are derived from - mesenchyme


Megakaryoblasts - platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes


Platelet - fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane


Platelet plug - can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is small enough

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