ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - FINAL
Essentials of Pathophysiology – Final EXAM
Exam Review Sheet REVIEW SHEET
Covers Material from Modules 1-10
Be sure to look over review sheets from Exam #1 and #2 – all previous information is fair game for the
Final exam
1. Review the different levels of disease prevention such as primary, secondary, and tertiary as well as
examples for each.
a. primary- alters susceptibility or reduces exposure for susceptible persons. focus is on
prevention (immunizations/vaccines)
b. secondary- early detection, screening and management of disease (cancer screenings, pap
smears etc)
c. tertiary- preventing further complication from initial disease (OT/PT, restorative care,
rehabilitation)
2. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous systems. What
happens to the body during a “fight-or-flight” response?
a. SNS- pupil dilate, heart rate increases, stops salivation, airways relax, inhibits
gallbladder/stomach/intestine activity, secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, relaxes bladder,
promote orgasms
b. PNS-constrict pupils, stimulate salivation, constrict airways, inhibit release of glucose, stimulate
gallbladder/stomach/intestine activity, contract bladder, promote erection of genitals.
3. Review the functions of the various organelles of the cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome,
lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, golgi apparatus
4. Review the difference between active and passive immunity, know examples for each type.
a. Passive- antibodies are passed from an individual to an unprotected individual such as mother
to fetus or infant via placenta or breast milk
b. Active- body's immune response to live active infection or immunization, like vaccines, second
exposure to elicit a quicker response, memory B and T cells.
5. What is edema? Review the various factors that can contribute to edema.
a. accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space
b. caused by inflammation, blood vessel blockage, incompetent venous valves, and CHF, HTN
6. What is a hypersensitivity? Review the four different types of hypersensitivities: Type I (Anaphylactic),
Type II (Cytotoxic), Type III (Immune complex), Type IV (Delayed cell-mediated). Know examples and
mediating factors for each type.
a. antigenic response beyond what is considered normal
i. type 1- anaphylactic (within 2-30 mins of exposure- IgE antigen) (food allergy)
1. hives, eczema, anaphylaxis,localized edema, throat constriction
ii. type 2 - cytotoxic- involve IgG and IgM antibodies that bind to target cells & when
combined with action, destroy target cells
1. transfusion reactions,Rh incompatibility, graves disease, myasthenia gravis
iii. type 3- immune complex- IgG antibodies and antigens
a. Rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis
iv. type 4-delayed cell mediated- T cells
a. contact dermatitis, mantoux screening for TB,
7. Review the differences between benign and malignant tumors.
8. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease.
a. PUD symptoms: epigastric pain, hematemesis, dark tarry stools, ab pain before/after a meal
b. H.Pylori thrives in acidic conditions, slows the rate of healing ulcers and promotes ulcer
formation in the duodenum and stomach.
9. Review differences between functional and mechanical bowel obstructions, know examples for each
a. mechanical obstruction- physical barrier (adhesions, tumors, hernia, impacted feces, volvulus,
intussusception
b. functional obstruction- movement problems (paralytic ileus due to problems w/ peristalsis due to
anticholinergics, opioids, anesthesia, low fiber diets)
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, 10. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. How do we assess for this condition?
a. Appendicitis symptoms: severe RLQ pain and tenderness, McBurney’s Point tenderness, N/V/D,
fever
11. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. Review complications of liver disease such as ascites,
hepatic encephalopathy and esophageal varices. How are esophageal varices managed/treated?
a. Liver disease symptoms: jaundice, low albumin, vitamin D, and K, decrease clotting factors,
ascites, hepatic encephalopathy and confusion due to too much ammonia, hepatitis,
b. Hepatic encephalopathy- Complex neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia, Signs
and symptoms: Dementia,Psychotic symptomsAsterixis “liver flap” (classic sign)Spastic jerking
of hands held in forced extension, confusion and lethagy to stupor and coma
c. Esophageal varices is a complication of viral or alcoholic hepatitis caused by obstructed blood
flow through the portal vein, which carries blood from the intestine and spleen to the liver.
Treatment: Reduce portal hypertension, banding of varices to prevent rupturing and bleeding
12. What role does albumin play in the blood? What happens to albumin production with liver failure?
a. helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesn't leak into other tissues
b. hypoalbuminemia occurs with liver failure,
13. What are the function of the kidneys? How do we assess for renal disorders?
a. Kidneys excrete waste from fluid and eliminate waste, regulate blood pH, ion concentrations,
and blood volume
b. Disorders are assessed by UA (blood urea nitr1ogen levels, creatinine) GFR
14. What is polycystic kidney disease? What causes this condition?
a. polycystic kidney disease -fluid filled cyst in kidneys
b. congenital condition ; recessive and dominant forms
15. Review the following terms: nephrons, hematuria, proteinuria, nephrolithiasis, pyelonephritis, cystitis
16. Review signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI). Review causes of AKI including prerenal,
intrinsic, and postrenal. Know examples of each type of injury.
a. acute kidney injury (AKI) symptoms- retention of nitrogen waste products, disruptions in fluid,
electrolyte, and acid-base balances, increased serum creatinine, decreased GFR
b. Prerenal causes- affect renal perfusion (Hypovolemia, hypotension, renal artery obstruction,
heart failure)
c. Postrenal causes- disruption in urine flow distal to kidney (renal stones, tumors, prostatic
hypertrophy,
d. intrarenal causes-dysfunction of nephron and kidney itself (damaged renal tubes which can lead
to acute tubular necrosis, reduced blood supply, renal inflammation, toxic injury like
chemotherapy, prolonged post renal failure,
17. What is compartment syndrome? Why does it occur and what are the signs? Remember the 5 P’s
a. Compartment syndrome is a dangerous complication to injury to the soft tissue. Edema causes
increased pressure within the compartment which is restricted by underlying fascia. if pressure
is not reduced tissue necrosis occurs.
b. pain, paralysis, paresthesias, pulselessness, and pallor.
18. What are pressure ulcers? How are they staged and how can we prevent them?
a. localized areas of necrosis prolonged pressure between body prominence and external object
like bed and wheelchair , staged by skins loss and exposure of tissue thickness, prevention:
turning and adjusting patient’s position
19. What are electrolyte reservoirs? What electrolytes are found stored in bones?
a. Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus
20. Review diseases of the bone including: osteomyelitis, osteosarcoma, osteomalacia, rickets, and
osteoporosis
a. osteomyelitis- pyogenic infection of the bone and local tissue.
b. osteosarcoma- bone cancer- bone tumor
c. osteoporosis- rate of bone resorption is greater than bone formation, light, fragile, porosu bones
d. osteomalacia/rickets- deficiency in vitamin D and calcium. softening of bones
21. Review disorders of the joints including: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and gout.
Know causes and signs/symptoms for each.
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