History Midterm- Joel Webb, History 1010 Final 2-Joel Webb, HIST-1020-012 WEBB, History 1020 Midterm (Webb), history 2
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History Midterm- Joel Webb, History 1010 Final 2-Joel Webb, HIST-1020-012 WEBB, History 1020 Midterm (Webb), history 2
Sumer - Who or What? ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia region of the Fertile Crescent situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Known for their innovations...
sumer who or what ancient civilization founded in the mesopotamia region of th
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History Midterm- Joel Webb, History 1010 Final 2-Joel Webb,
HIST-1020-012 WEBB, History 1020 Midterm (Webb), history 2
Sumer - Who or What? ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia region of the
Fertile Crescent situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Known for their
innovations in language, governance, architecture
When? 4500 - 1900 BC Neolithic, Bronze Age
Where? Southern Mesopotamia
Importance? Sumerians are considered the creators of civilization as modern humans
understand it.
Ur - Who or What? Ur was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia
When? 2112-2004 BC succumbs to foreign invaders
Where? modern day Southern Iraq
Importance? Ur was captured by the foreign invaders, and this era, called the Akkadian
period, marks an important step in the blending of Sumerian and Semitic cultures.
Tigris and Euphrates - Who or What? great river system of southwestern Asia.
Comprises the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
When?
Where? major river system in Western Asia. From sources originating in eastern
Turkey, they flow by/through Syria through Iraq into the Persian Gulf.
Importance? Once the people who lived in the foothills moved to the river valley, they
created irrigation systems to save precious water they needed. This helped because
farmers now had water for their crops to grow and they would grow extra food.
cuneiform - Who or What? one of the earliest systems of writing, was invented by the
Sumerians
When? around 3200 BC
Where? Ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia
Importance? Writing was used to record a variety of information such as temple
activities, business and trade. Cuneiform was also used to write stories, myths, and
personal letters.
Akkadian - Who or What? was the first ancient empire of Mesopotamia/ monarchy
government
When? 2334 - 2154 BC (2300-2100 BC)
Where? centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region// city located along the
western bank of the Euphrates River
Importance? The empire united Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule.
Sargon the Great - Who or What? Also known as Sargon of Akkad, was the first ruler of
the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to
23rd centuries BC// took king's position likely during instability bc he came from "no
where"
,When? 2300 BC
Where? King of Akkad
Importance? Eventually took Kish back as well as other cities// city-states became what
would be a rising empire// model empire in Mesopotamia
Hammurabi - Who or What? he sixth king of the First Babylonian dynasty, through a
succession of military campaigns, careful alliances made and broken when necessary,
and political maneuvers, he held the entire region under Babylonian control by 1750
BCE.
When? 1810 - c. 1750 BC// He was preceded by his father, Sin-Muballit, who abdicated
due to failing health.
Where? Babylom
Importance? During his reign, he conquered Elam and the city-states of Larsa,
Eshnunna, and Mari. expanded the kingdom to conquer all of ancient Mesopotamia
Hittites - Who or What? were an Anatolian people who played an important role in
establishing an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia
When? 1600 BC Bronze Age
Where? Occupied the ancient region of Anatolia
Importance? developed a culture apparently from the indigenous Hatti people, and
expanded their territories into an empire which rivaled, and threatened, the established
nation of Egypt
Ma'at - Who or What? means order, stability, wisdom, and justice/ all is right in universe/
personified as a goddess name meaning "that which is straight"/ equilibrium- how the
world should be
When? first appears during the period known as the Old Kingdom (c. 2613 - 2181
BCE)//said to have been born of the sun god Ra (Atum) at the beginning of creation
through the power of Heka
Where? all ancient Egyptian cities
Importance? brought about a balance in Egyptian life.
Imhotep - Who or What? "the one who comes in peace," an Egyptian chancellor and
chief official to Djoser; engineer of Pyramid of Djoser
When?2630-2611 BC
Where? Egypt
Importance? First known use of stone columns to support a building; genius
Second Intermediate Period - Who or What? Marks a period when Ancient Egypt fell
into disarray for a second time, between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of
the New Kingdom
When? 1650-1550 BC
Where? ancient egypt
Importance? Eventually, the last remaining Egyptian royal lines at Thebes rose against
the Hyksos and over time, expelled the foreign rulers from Egypt.
, Mandate of Heaven - Who or What? Concept in Chinese thought that Heaven gave the
right to rule to a king or emperor and could withdraw that right were the ruler to behave
badly. (Approval of Universe) The ancient god or divine force known as Heaven or Sky
had selected this particular individual to rule on its behalf on earth.
When? Xia Dynasty 2070-1600 BC
Where? China
Importance? legitmated the king in the Zhou Dynasty
oracle bones - Who or What? Pieces of shell or bone, typically from ox scapulae or
turtle shells due to their flat surfaces. Used these to predict future through ritual of
burning bone and then someone would read the cracks
When? 600-1046 BC
Where? The Shang Dynasty
Importance? They were used in as a form of divination in ancient China, mainly during
the late Shang dynasty
Spring and Autumn Period - Who or What? One part of the Zhou Dynasty (other part is
Warring States), derived from a book called "The Spring & Autumn Annals" which
discusses a series of wars within over a hundred states.
When? 770-481 BC
Where? Eastern Zhou China
Importance? Revolutionary thinkers emerged at this time and questioned human nature,
the state, and political behavior.
Warring States Period - Who or What?was an era in ancient Chinese history
characterized by warfare, as well as bureaucratic and military reforms and
consolidation. It followed the Spring and Autumn period and concluded with the Qin
wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states
When? 475-221 BC
Where? ancient China
Importance? ultimately led to the Qin state's victory in 221 BC as the first unified
Chinese empire, known as the Qin dynasty
Art of War - Who or What? A book written containing a detailed explanation and
analysis of the Chinese Military.
When? during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-480 BC)
Where? China
Importance? formed the basis of modern military tactics today
The Hundred Schools of Thought - Who or What? were philosophies and schools that
flourished from the 6th century to 221 B.C. during the Spring and Autumn period and
the Warring States period of ancient China/An era of great cultural and intellectual
expansion in China/ Golden Age for chinese philosophy
When? during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period
Where? ancient China.
Importance? era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China
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