Notes and summary on Human Reproduction - IEB Matric bio/life Science
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Course
Life Sciences
Institution
12th Grade
Notes and summary on Human Reproduction. Covers strictly what you need to know for all tests and assessments (as dictated by the SAGS guidelines). Includes annotated diagrams and images to illustrate points mentioned, as well as additional research, helpful when understanding the work (I achieved a...
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
A mode of reproduction involving the fusion A mode type of reproduction that does not
of haploid female gamete (egg cell) and involve the fusion of gametes or change in
haploid male gamete (sperm cell) the number of chromosomes.
GONAD GAMETE
A mature haploid male or female germ cell
The primary reproductive organs, are the
which is able to unite with another of the
testes in the male and the ovaries in the
opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form
female.
a zygote.
FERTILISATION
The process in sexual reproduction in which Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube
a male gamete and female gamete fuse to (oviduct) of the female reproductive
form a new cell system.
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYTEM
ORGAN FUNCTION
teste Produce sperm and male hormones
male gamete - sperm produced in the
The testes are the site of gamete
seminiferous tubules + testosterone
production in males.
produced in the Leydig cells
Seminiferous tuble Sertoli cells Leydig cells
, Outside of the tubules are blood
highly convoluted
The developing capillaries and interstitial cells
tubules - The testes are
sperm are nourished (Leydig cells), which produce
composed of seminiferous
by Sertoli cells the male sex hormone,
tubules which produce sperm
testosterone
germinal epithelium lines the seminiferous tubules which is where sperm
cells are produced
hormone production + regulation
seminal vesicle Contribute fluids to semen production
Cowper’s gland Seminal fluid
Seminal vesicles secrete a significant proportion
secrete seminal fluid that acts as a
of the fluid that becomes semen. Seminal vesicle
lubricant
fluid is clear and functions in nourishing sperm
SPERM + SEMINAL FLUID = SEMEN
Secretes prostate fluid (component of
prostate gland
semen), aids in ejaculation
It secretes a milky fluid to neutralise acidity of any urine and protects sperm from acidic
secretions in the female tract
ducts
epididymis Stores mature sperm
Seminiferous tubules join to form the epididymis → Maturation of sperm occurs – they
become motile and fertile → Sperm stored here for several months
vas deference – Sperm duct Transports sperm from epididymis
continuation of the epididymis → passes through prostate and into the
→ urethra
EJACULATION
Pushes mature sperm forward by peristalsis by
expulsion of semen & an erection is the
ejaculation
stiffening of the penis
Tube leading to the exterior which functions as a
urethra common duct for semen and urine to pass,
although never together
structural components
penis Transfers sperm into female
Foreskin protects head of the penis and may be Deposits semen with sperm into the
removed for religious or cultural female’s vagina to increase the
reasons by circumcision chance of fertilisation
Supports testes and regulates their temperature
scrotum is a thin-skinned sac that
scrotum acts as a temperature regulator by keeping the
testes 2-3ºC lower than body temperature which protects testes
is necessary for sperm production
THE STRUCTURE OF SPERM
, HEAD MIDDLE TAIL
Nucleus Acrosome
Contains enzymes to Mitochondria Tail contains
Contains haploid set
digest outer layers provides energy contractile
of chromosomes
surrounding egg cell (ATP) for tail fibres that allow for
which contains male
and allow sperm to movements whip-like movements
genetic material
penetrate
Male infertility is due to low sperm production, misshapen or immobile sperm, or
blockages that prevent the delivery of sperm. Illnesses, injuries, chronic health problems,
lifestyle choices and other factors can play a role in causing male infertility
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
OVARIES
Produces and develops eggs Female reproductive gland that produces
eggs and female hormones
STRUCTURE OF THE OVRARIES
the ovary contains follicles in various stages of development
PRIMARY FOLLICLES SECONDARY OOCYTE SEXUAL MATURITY
Egg cells within primary Egg cells within mature It is released from the ovary
follicles have been arrested follicles have begun meiotic (ruptured follicle develops
in prophase I and have yet division and are released into corpus luteum) and, if
to undergo meiotic division from the ovary as secondary fertilisation occurs, will
oocytes complete meiosis
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